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README.md
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> **The agent execution harness — not the model — is the primary determinant of agent reliability at scale.**
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> This survey formalizes the harness as a first-class architectural object **H = (E, T, C, S, L, V)**, surveys 110+ papers, blogs and reports across 23 systems, and maps 9 open technical challenges.
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> 📄 **[Read the Paper](
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> ✉️ Corrections & suggestions: gloriamenng@gmail.com (Qianyu Meng); wangyanan@mail.dlut.edu.cn (Yanan Wang); chenliyi@xiaohongshu.com (Liyi Chen)
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If you find this survey useful, please cite:
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author = {Meng, Qianyu* and Wang, Yanan* and Chen, Liyi and Wang, Qimeng and
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Lu, Chengqiang and Wu, Wei and Gao, Yan and Wu, Yi and Hu, Yao},
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year = {2026},
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}
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```
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- **[2026-04-03]** Initial release
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- **[2026-04-07]** Repo updated
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---
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- 💬 *"The harness is the chassis; the model is the engine."* — practitioner consensus, 2026
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<p align="center">
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<img src="
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</p>
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### What This Survey Accomplishes
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## Historical Timeline
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<p align="center">
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<img src="
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</p>
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| Year | Milestone | Significance |
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> **Key numbers:** AgencyBench — agents achieve **48.4% success on native SDK harness** vs substantially lower on independent harnesses, demonstrating tight harness-agent coupling. Byzantine fault tolerance remains an open problem for adversarial multi-agent settings.
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<img src="
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</p>
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- <u>SAGA</u>†: **"SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems"**. *Syros et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21034)]
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| Version | Date | Changes |
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|---------|------|---------|
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| v1 | 2026-04-03 | Initial
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| v2 | 2026-04-07 | Repo updated |
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---
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<p align="center">
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> **The agent execution harness — not the model — is the primary determinant of agent reliability at scale.**
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> This survey formalizes the harness as a first-class architectural object **H = (E, T, C, S, L, V)**, surveys 110+ papers, blogs and reports across 23 systems, and maps 9 open technical challenges.
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> 📄 **[Read the Paper](./Agent_Harness_for_LLM_Agents__A_Survey_v3.pdf)** (Latest version, under review)
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> 🌐 **[Preprints Version (v2)](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v2)**
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> ✉️ Corrections & suggestions: gloriamenng@gmail.com (Qianyu Meng); wangyanan@mail.dlut.edu.cn (Yanan Wang); chenliyi@xiaohongshu.com (Liyi Chen)
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If you find this survey useful, please cite:
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author = {Meng, Qianyu* and Wang, Yanan* and Chen, Liyi and Wang, Qimeng and
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Lu, Chengqiang and Wu, Wei and Gao, Yan and Wu, Yi and Hu, Yao},
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year = {2026},
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doi = {10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v2},
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url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v2},
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publisher = {Preprints},
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note = {* Equal contribution. Under review, latest version available at: https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey}
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}
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```
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- **[2026-04-03]** Initial release
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- **[2026-04-07]** Repo updated
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- **[2026-04-09]** Preprint released
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---
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- 💬 *"The harness is the chassis; the model is the engine."* — practitioner consensus, 2026
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<p align="center">
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<img src="assets/root_cause_diagram.png" width="640" alt="Root Cause Analysis"/>
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</p>
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### What This Survey Accomplishes
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## Historical Timeline
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<p align="center">
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<img src="assets/timeline.png" width="720" alt="Historical Evolution of Agent Harnesses"/>
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</p>
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| Year | Milestone | Significance |
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> **Key numbers:** AgencyBench — agents achieve **48.4% success on native SDK harness** vs substantially lower on independent harnesses, demonstrating tight harness-agent coupling. Byzantine fault tolerance remains an open problem for adversarial multi-agent settings.
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<p align="center">
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<img src="assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="Multi-Agent Coordination Topologies"/>
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</p>
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- <u>SAGA</u>†: **"SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems"**. *Syros et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21034)]
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| Version | Date | Changes |
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| v1 | 2026-04-03 | Initial release |
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| v2 | 2026-04-07 | Repo updated |
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| v3 | 2026-04-09 | Preprint added |
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---
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<p align="center">
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README_zh.md
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[English](README.md) | [中文](README_zh.md)
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#
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[](https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/stargazers)
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[](LICENSE)
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[]()
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[]()
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[](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GloriaaaM/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey)
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> ⭐ **本 survey 持续更新中。如果对你有帮助,欢迎 Star 关注最新进展,也帮助更多人发现它。**
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---
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> **
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> 本综述将
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> 📄 **[阅读论文](
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>
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如果本综述对您有所帮助,请引用:
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```bibtex
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@
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title = {Agent Harness for Large Language Model Agents: A Survey},
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author = {Meng, Qianyu* and Wang, Yanan* and Chen, Liyi and Wang, Qimeng and
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Lu, Chengqiang and Wu, Wei and Gao, Yan and Wu, Yi and Hu, Yao},
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year = {2026},
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}
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```
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- **[2026-04-03]** 首次发布
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- **[2026-04-07]** 仓库更新
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---
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- [概述](#概述)
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- [历史时间线](#历史时间线)
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- [
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- [论文列表](#论文列表)
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- [历史渊源](#历史渊源)
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- [
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- [技术挑战](#技术挑战)
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- [安全与沙箱](#安全与沙箱)
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- [评估与基准测试](#评估与基准测试)
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大语言模型(LLM)智能体正日益部署于自主规划、工具使用和多步骤交互环境中。主流叙事将智能体性能归因于底层模型能力。**本综述挑战了这一假设。**
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我们提出了**
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| 组件 | 符号 | 作用 |
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|------|------|------|
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| 生命周期钩子 | **L** | 认证,日志,策略执行,监测埋点 |
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| 评估接口 | **V** | 行动轨迹,中间状态,成功信号 |
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**
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- 🔥 Pi Research:Grok Code Fast 1 模型在 SWE-bench 上从 **6.7% → 68.3%**,仅通过修改
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- 💀 OpenAI Codex:5个月内生成**100万行代码,0行手写**——失败归因��"环境规范不足"而非模型能力
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- ⚡ Stripe Minions:**每周1300个PR,0行人工代码**——
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- 📉 METR:通过基准测试的PR人工合并率**低24.2个百分点**,差距以9.6pp/年速度扩大——评估
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- 💬 *"
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### 本综述的学术贡献
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**概念贡献:**我们将
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**实证范围:**我们系统性地综述了110余篇论文,涵盖学术研究(评估基准、安全框架、记忆架构)和生产部署(Stripe、OpenAI、Cursor、METR),确立了
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**方法论进展:**我们引入了**
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**已识别的开放挑战:**我们记录了九项技术挑战,这些挑战当前研究仅提供了部分解决方案而无生产级基础设施:形式化安全模型、跨工程框架可移植性、协议互操作性(MCP/A2A)、百万级token/任务的上下文经济性、多智能体系统中的拜占庭容错、组合式验证。
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## 历史时间线
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<p align="center">
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</p>
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| 年份 | 里程碑 | 意义 |
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|------|--------|------|
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| 1997–2005 | JUnit, TestNG, xUnit 家族 | 软件测试
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| 2016 | OpenAI Gym (Brockman et al.) | 强化学习环境
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| 2022年11月 | ChatGPT 公开发布;LangChain 出现 | 面向LLM的智能体框架萌芽;工具使用成为一级公民 |
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| 2023 | ReAct, Toolformer, MemGPT, Reflexion, Voyager, AutoGPT | 核心智能体模式:推理-行动、记忆、反思、技能积累 |
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| 2023 | CAMEL, ChatDev, Generative Agents | 多智能体协同;社会仿真
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| 2023 | AgentBench, SWE-bench | 智能体评估基础设施涌现 |
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| 2024 | MetaGPT, WebArena, ToolLLM, SWE-agent, OSWorld | 全栈执行器;真实世界环境基准测试 |
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| 2024 | CodeAct, LATS, Tree of Thoughts | 结构化动作空间;搜索增强规划 |
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| 2024年11月 | Anthropic 发布 MCP 协议 | 首个主要工具↔
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| 2025 | HAL, AIOS, LangGraph | 基准测试统一(21,730次评估);操作系统级调度(2.1×加速) |
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| 2025 | Google 发布 A2A 协议 | 智能体↔智能体标准化(50–200ms) |
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| 2025 | MemoryOS, SkillsBench†, AgentBound† | 记忆操作系统抽象;技能即上下文(+16.2pp);安全认证 |
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---
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##
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**图例:** ✓ 完全支持 · ≈ 部分支持 · ✗ 缺失
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>Claude Code</td>
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<td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>≈</td>
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### 历史渊源
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#### 软件测试
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- <u>JUnit</u>: **"JUnit: A Cook's Tour"**. *Beck & Gamma.* Java Report, 4(5), May 1999. [[文章](http://junit.sourceforge.net/doc/cookstour/cookstour.htm)]
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#### 强化学习环境
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- <u>OpenAI Gym</u>: **"OpenAI Gym"**. *Brockman et al.* arXiv 2016. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.01540)] [[代码](https://github.com/openai/gym)]
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- <u>Gymnasium</u>: **"Gymnasium: A Standard Interface for Reinforcement Learning Environments"**. *Towers et al.* NeurIPS 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.17032)] [[代码](https://github.com/Farama-Foundation/Gymnasium)]
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#### 早期LLM
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- <u>ReAct</u>: **"ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"**. *Yao et al.* ICLR 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)] [[代码](https://github.com/ysymyth/ReAct)]
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- <u>Toolformer</u>: **"Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools"**. *Schick et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761)]
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###
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**分类依据:**我们根据**
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**重要性:**先前的分类法按应用领域(编程、网页导航、具身AI)或模型架构(单智能体、多智能体)对智能体进行分类。这些分类无法解释为何使用相似模型的系统会产生不同的可靠性结果。我们以
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**核心发现:**没有任何智能体框架能够在不实现**全部六个治理组件**的情况下达到生产可靠性。缺少L组件(生命周期钩子)的系统无法执行安全策略。缺少V组件(评估接口)的系统无法调试故障。缺少S组件(状态持久化)的系统无法从崩溃中恢复。
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- <u>PRISM/OpenClaw</u>: **"OpenClaw PRISM: A Zero-Fork, Defense-in-Depth Runtime Security Layer for Tool-Augmented LLM Agents"**. *Li.* arXiv 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11853)]
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- <u>AIOS</u>: **"AIOS: LLM Agent Operating System"**. *Mei et al.* COLM 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.16971)] [[代码](https://github.com/agiresearch/AIOS)]
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- <u>SWE-agent</u>: **"SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineering"**. *Yang et al.* NeurIPS 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.15793)] [[代码](https://github.com/SWE-agent/SWE-agent)]
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- <u>HAL</u>: **"Holistic Agent Leaderboard: The Missing Infrastructure for AI Agent Evaluation"**. *Kapoor et al.* ICLR 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.11977)]
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#### 多智能体
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- <u>MetaGPT</u>: **"MetaGPT: Meta Programming for a Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework"**. *Hong et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.00352)] [[代码](https://github.com/geekan/MetaGPT)]
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- <u>AutoGen</u>: **"AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversation"**. *Wu et al.* arXiv 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.08155)] [[代码](https://github.com/microsoft/autogen)]
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### 技术挑战
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**范围界定:**我们识别了九项开放研究问题,当前
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**评估标准:**对于每项挑战,我们评估:(1) **学术覆盖度**——同行评审解决方案(如有);(2) **生产成熟度**——是否有任何已部署系统在规模上解决了该问题;(3) **阻塞严重性**——未解决的问题是阻止部署还是仅限制性能。
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**技术现状:**SandboxEscapeBench 显示前沿模型能够逃逸容器;PRISM 展示了零分叉纵深防御是可能的,但需要操作系统级监测。尚不存在适用于所有智能体用例且无需人工逐任务配置的通用沙箱。
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**开放问题:**组合式安全属性(证明智能体+
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> **关键数据:**SandboxEscapeBench——前沿LLM达到**15–35%容器逃逸率**;PRISM——10个钩子的零分叉运行时将逃逸降至接近零,开销<5ms。
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#### 多智能体协同
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> **关键数据:**AgencyBench——智能体在原生
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<p align="center">
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<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/main/assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="多智能体协同拓扑"/>
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综述中识别的八个开放研究方向(无精选论文列表——这些是前瞻性方向):
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-
- **形式化
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- **跨
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- **安全分类与威胁模型** — 将OWASP Top 10扩展至智能体执行器攻击面
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- **协议互操作性(MCP/A2A)** — 桥接工具级和智能体级协议
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- **长时域评估方法论** — 在多会话、多天任务下不会退化的指标
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-
- **
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- **记忆接口标准化** — 跨平面式、情节式和图式存储的可移植记忆API
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-
- **
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---
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|------|------|------|
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| v1 | 2026-04-03 | 首次预印本 |
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| v2 | 2026-04-07 | 仓库更新 |
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---
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<p align="center">
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<i>† 表示预印本,尚未经同行评审。</i><br>
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<i>本综述正在积极开发中;完整手稿将于近期发布。</i><br>
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<i>由 Qianyu Meng
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</p>
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[English](README.md) | [中文](README_zh.md)
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# Agent Harness综述
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[](https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/stargazers)
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[](LICENSE)
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[]()
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[]()
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[](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GloriaaaM/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey)
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[](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v2)
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</div>
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<p align="center">
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<img src="assets/architecture_diagram.png" width="720" alt="H=(E,T,C,S,L,V) 六组件架构"/>
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</p>
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> ⭐ **本 survey 持续更新中。如果对你有帮助,欢迎 Star 关注最新进展,也帮助更多人发现它。**
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---
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> **Agent Harness——而非模型本身——是智能体大规模部署可靠性的首要决定因素。**
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> 本综述将Agent Harness形式化为一级架构对象 **H = (E, T, C, S, L, V)**,系统调研了涵盖23个系统的110余篇论文、博客和报告,并总结了9项开放性技术挑战。
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> 📄 **[阅读最新版论文 (PDF)](./Agent_Harness_for_LLM_Agents__A_Survey_v3.pdf)** (最新版本,目前在审)
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> 🌐 **[阅读 Preprints 版本 (v2)](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v2)**
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> ✉️ 勘误与建议:gloriamenng@gmail.com; wangyanan@mail.dlut.edu.cn; chenliyi@xiaohongshu.com
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如果本综述对您有所帮助,请引用:
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```bibtex
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@article{meng2026agentharness,
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title = {Agent Harness for Large Language Model Agents: A Survey},
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author = {Meng, Qianyu* and Wang, Yanan* and Chen, Liyi and Wang, Qimeng and
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Lu, Chengqiang and Wu, Wei and Gao, Yan and Wu, Yi and Hu, Yao},
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year = {2026},
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doi = {10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v2},
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url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v2},
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publisher = {Preprints},
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note = {* Equal contribution. Under review, latest version available at: https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey}
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}
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```
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- **[2026-04-03]** 首次发布
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- **[2026-04-07]** 仓库更新
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- **[2026-04-07]** 预印本索引
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---
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- [概述](#概述)
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- [历史时间线](#历史时间线)
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- [Agent_Harness完备性矩阵](#Agent_Harness完备性矩阵)
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- [论文列表](#论文列表)
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- [历史渊源](#历史渊源)
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- [Agent_Harness分类](#Agent_Harness分类)
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- [技术挑战](#技术挑战)
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- [安全与沙箱](#安全与沙箱)
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- [评估与基准测试](#评估与基准测试)
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大语言模型(LLM)智能体正日益部署于自主规划、工具使用和多步骤交互环境中。主流叙事将智能体性能归因于底层模型能力。**本综述挑战了这一假设。**
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我们提出了**Agent Harness**的形式化定义,将其定义为包含六个组件的元组:
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| 组件 | 符号 | 作用 |
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|------|------|------|
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| 生命周期钩子 | **L** | 认证,日志,策略执行,监测埋点 |
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| 评估接口 | **V** | 行动轨迹,中间状态,成功信号 |
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**Agent Harness重要性的关键实证证据:**
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- 🔥 Pi Research:Grok Code Fast 1 模型在 SWE-bench 上从 **6.7% → 68.3%**,仅通过修改Agent Harness的编辑工具格式——模型不变
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- 💀 OpenAI Codex:5个月内生成**100万行代码,0行手写**——失败归因��"环境规范不足"而非模型能力
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- ⚡ Stripe Minions:**每周1300个PR,0行人工代码**——Agent Harness优先
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- 📉 METR:通过基准测试的PR人工合并率**低24.2个百分点**,差距以9.6pp/年速度扩大——评估Agent Harness有效性危机
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- 💬 *"Agent Harness是底盘;模型是引擎。"* ——2026年业界共识
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<p align="center">
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<img src="assets/root_cause_diagram.png" width="640" alt="根因分析"/>
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</p>
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### 本综述的学术贡献
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**概念贡献:**我们将Agent Harness形式化为具有六个可治理组件(E, T, C, S, L, V)的架构对象,将其从隐式基础设施提升为显式研究目标。
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**实证范围:**我们系统性地综述了110余篇论文,涵盖学术研究(评估基准、安全框架、记忆架构)和生产部署(Stripe、OpenAI、Cursor、METR),确立了Agent Harness设计是已部署智能体可靠性的约束瓶颈这一观点。
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**方法论进展:**我们引入了**Agent Harness完备性矩阵**——一个结构化评估框架,映射每个系统实现了六个组件中的哪些——使得先前综述无法实现的异构智能体系统直接对比成为可能。
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**已识别的开放挑战:**我们记录了九项技术挑战,这些挑战当前研究仅提供了部分解决方案而无生产级基础设施:形式化安全模型、跨工程框架可移植性、协议互操作性(MCP/A2A)、百万级token/任务的上下文经济性、多智能体系统中的拜占庭容错、组合式验证。
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## 历史时间线
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<p align="center">
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<img src="assets/timeline.png" width="720" alt="Agent Harness的历史演进"/>
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</p>
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| 年份 | 里程碑 | 意义 |
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|------|--------|------|
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+
| 1997–2005 | JUnit, TestNG, xUnit 家族 | 软件测试Harness范式;标准化观察-断言生命周期 |
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| 2016 | OpenAI Gym (Brockman et al.) | 强化学习环境Harness框架;step/reset API 成为规范接口 |
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| 2022年11月 | ChatGPT 公开发布;LangChain 出现 | 面向LLM的智能体框架萌芽;工具使用成为一级公民 |
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| 2023 | ReAct, Toolformer, MemGPT, Reflexion, Voyager, AutoGPT | 核心智能体模式:推理-行动、记忆、反思、技能积累 |
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+
| 2023 | CAMEL, ChatDev, Generative Agents | 多智能体协同;社会仿真Harness |
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| 2023 | AgentBench, SWE-bench | 智能体评估基础设施涌现 |
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| 2024 | MetaGPT, WebArena, ToolLLM, SWE-agent, OSWorld | 全栈执行器;真实世界环境基准测试 |
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| 2024 | CodeAct, LATS, Tree of Thoughts | 结构化动作空间;搜索增强规划 |
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| 2024年11月 | Anthropic 发布 MCP 协议 | 首个主要工具↔Harness标准化(2–15ms延迟) |
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| 2025 | HAL, AIOS, LangGraph | 基准测试统一(21,730次评估);操作系统级调度(2.1×加速) |
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| 2025 | Google 发布 A2A 协议 | 智能体↔智能体标准化(50–200ms) |
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| 2025 | MemoryOS, SkillsBench†, AgentBound† | 记忆操作系统抽象;技能即上下文(+16.2pp);安全认证 |
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---
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+
## Agent Harness完备性矩阵
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**图例:** ✓ 完全支持 · ≈ 部分支持 · ✗ 缺失
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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+
<td rowspan="4"><strong>全栈式<br>Agent Harness</strong></td>
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<td>Claude Code</td>
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<td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>✓</td><td>≈</td>
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</tr>
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### 历史渊源
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#### 软件测试Harness (1990s–2000s)
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- <u>JUnit</u>: **"JUnit: A Cook's Tour"**. *Beck & Gamma.* Java Report, 4(5), May 1999. [[文章](http://junit.sourceforge.net/doc/cookstour/cookstour.htm)]
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#### 强化学习环境Harness框架 (2016–2022)
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- <u>OpenAI Gym</u>: **"OpenAI Gym"**. *Brockman et al.* arXiv 2016. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.01540)] [[代码](https://github.com/openai/gym)]
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- <u>Gymnasium</u>: **"Gymnasium: A Standard Interface for Reinforcement Learning Environments"**. *Towers et al.* NeurIPS 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.17032)] [[代码](https://github.com/Farama-Foundation/Gymnasium)]
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+
#### 早期LLM Agent Harness (2023–2024)
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- <u>ReAct</u>: **"ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"**. *Yao et al.* ICLR 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)] [[代码](https://github.com/ysymyth/ReAct)]
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- <u>Toolformer</u>: **"Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools"**. *Schick et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761)]
|
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---
|
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+
### Agent Harness分类
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+
**分类依据:**我们根据**Agent Harness完备性**对智能体系统进行分类——即每个系统实现了六个组件(E, T, C, S, L, V)中的哪些——从而区分全栈Harness(全部六个组件)与专用框架(部分实现)。
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+
**重要性:**先前的分类法按应用领域(编程、网页导航、具身AI)或模型架构(单智能体、多智能体)对智能体进行分类。这些分类无法解释为何使用相似模型的系统会产生不同的可靠性结果。我们以Agent Harness框架为中心的分类法揭示,生产级系统收敛于完整的ETCSLV实现,而研究原型往往仅实现2-3个组件。
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**核心发现:**没有任何智能体框架能够在不实现**全部六个治理组件**的情况下达到生产可靠性。缺少L组件(生命周期钩子)的系统无法执行安全策略。缺少V组件(评估接口)的系统无法调试故障。缺少S组件(状态持久化)的系统无法从崩溃中恢复。
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+
#### 全栈式Agent Harness
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| 320 |
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- <u>PRISM/OpenClaw</u>: **"OpenClaw PRISM: A Zero-Fork, Defense-in-Depth Runtime Security Layer for Tool-Augmented LLM Agents"**. *Li.* arXiv 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11853)]
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- <u>AIOS</u>: **"AIOS: LLM Agent Operating System"**. *Mei et al.* COLM 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.16971)] [[代码](https://github.com/agiresearch/AIOS)]
|
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- <u>SWE-agent</u>: **"SWE-agent: Agent-Computer Interfaces Enable Automated Software Engineering"**. *Yang et al.* NeurIPS 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.15793)] [[代码](https://github.com/SWE-agent/SWE-agent)]
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- <u>HAL</u>: **"Holistic Agent Leaderboard: The Missing Infrastructure for AI Agent Evaluation"**. *Kapoor et al.* ICLR 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.11977)]
|
| 326 |
|
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+
#### 多智能体Agent Harness
|
| 328 |
|
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- <u>MetaGPT</u>: **"MetaGPT: Meta Programming for a Multi-Agent Collaborative Framework"**. *Hong et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.00352)] [[代码](https://github.com/geekan/MetaGPT)]
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- <u>AutoGen</u>: **"AutoGen: Enabling Next-Gen LLM Applications via Multi-Agent Conversation"**. *Wu et al.* arXiv 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.08155)] [[代码](https://github.com/microsoft/autogen)]
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### 技术挑战
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|
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+
**范围界定:**我们识别了九项开放研究问题,当前Agent Harness基��设施针对这些问题仅提供了部分解决方案,而缺乏生产级、可推广的框架。每项挑战都代表了学术原型所展示的成果与已部署系统所需条件之间的差距。
|
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**评估标准:**对于每项挑战,我们评估:(1) **学术覆盖度**——同行评审解决方案(如有);(2) **生产成熟度**——是否有任何已部署系统在规模上解决了该问题;(3) **阻塞严重性**——未解决的问题是阻止部署还是仅限制性能。
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|
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**技术现状:**SandboxEscapeBench 显示前沿模型能够逃逸容器;PRISM 展示了零分叉纵深防御是可能的,但需要操作系统级监测。尚不存在适用于所有智能体用例且无需人工逐任务配置的通用沙箱。
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+
**开放问题:**组合式安全属性(证明智能体+Harness+环境满足安全规范)仍未解决。当前防御是反应式的(检测逃逸)而非预防式的(证明逃逸不可能)。
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> **关键数据:**SandboxEscapeBench——前沿LLM达到**15–35%容器逃逸率**;PRISM——10个钩子的零分叉运行时将逃逸降至接近零,开销<5ms。
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| 472 |
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#### 多智能体协同
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|
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+
> **关键数据:**AgencyBench——智能体在原生SDKAgent Harness上达到**48.4%成功率**,而在独立Agent Harness上显著更低,展示了Harness和Agent之间的紧密耦合。对抗性多智能体设置中的拜占庭容错仍是开放问题。
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|
| 477 |
<p align="center">
|
| 478 |
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/main/assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="多智能体协同拓扑"/>
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综述中识别的八个开放研究方向(无精选论文列表——这些是前瞻性方向):
|
| 527 |
|
| 528 |
+
- **形式化Agent Harness规范语言** — 用于指定和验证 H=(E,T,C,S,L,V) 组件的领域特定语言(DSL)
|
| 529 |
+
- **跨Agent Harness基准测试套件** — 跨不兼容执行器生态系统的可移植性测试
|
| 530 |
- **安全分类与威胁模型** — 将OWASP Top 10扩展至智能体执行器攻击面
|
| 531 |
- **协议互操作性(MCP/A2A)** — 桥接工具级和智能体级协议
|
| 532 |
- **长时域评估方法论** — 在多会话、多天任务下不会退化的指标
|
| 533 |
+
- **Agent Harness感知微调** — 训练模型使其感知执行环境
|
| 534 |
- **记忆接口标准化** — 跨平面式、情节式和图式存储的可移植记忆API
|
| 535 |
+
- **Agent Harness透明性规范** — 运行时决策的可审计性和可解释性
|
| 536 |
|
| 537 |
---
|
| 538 |
|
|
|
|
| 548 |
|------|------|------|
|
| 549 |
| v1 | 2026-04-03 | 首次预印本 |
|
| 550 |
| v2 | 2026-04-07 | 仓库更新 |
|
| 551 |
+
| v3 | 2026-04-09 | 预印本索引 |
|
| 552 |
|
| 553 |
---
|
| 554 |
|
| 555 |
<p align="center">
|
| 556 |
<i>† 表示预印本,尚未经同行评审。</i><br>
|
| 557 |
<i>本综述正在积极开发中;完整手稿将于近期发布。</i><br>
|
| 558 |
+
<i>由 Qianyu Meng, Yanan Wang与 Liyi Chen 维护。欢迎提交缺失论文或更新链接的 PR。</i>
|
| 559 |
</p>
|