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README.md
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[](https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/stargazers)
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[](LICENSE)
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[]()
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[](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GloriaaaM/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey)
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</div>
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> ⭐ **This
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---
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> **The agent execution harness — not the model — is the primary determinant of agent reliability at scale.**
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> This survey formalizes the harness as a first-class architectural object **H = (E, T, C, S, L, V)**, surveys 110+ papers, blogs and reports across 23 systems, and maps 9 open technical challenges.
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> 📄 **[Read the Paper](./Agent_Harness_for_LLM_Agents__A_Survey_v3.pdf)**
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> 🌐 **[Preprints Version (
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> ✉️ Corrections & suggestions: gloriamenng@gmail.com (Qianyu Meng); wangyanan@mail.dlut.edu.cn (Yanan Wang); chenliyi@xiaohongshu.com (Liyi Chen)
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If you find this survey useful, please cite:
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```bibtex
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```
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---
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- **[2026-04-03]** Initial release
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- **[2026-04-07]** Repo updated
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- **[2026-04-09]** Preprint released
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---
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- <u>ReAct</u>: **"ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"**. *Yao et al.* ICLR 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)] [[Code](https://github.com/ysymyth/ReAct)]
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- <u>Toolformer</u>: **"Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools"**. *Schick et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761)]
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- <u>AutoGPT</u>: **"Auto-GPT: An Autonomous GPT-4 Experiment"**. *Gravitas et al.* GitHub 2023. [[Code](https://github.com/Significant-Gravitas/AutoGPT)]
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- <u>LangChain</u>: **"LangChain: Building Applications with LLMs through Composability"**. *Chase et al.* GitHub 2022. [[Code](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain)]
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---
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#### Frameworks & Modules
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- <u>LangGraph</u>: **"LangGraph: Build Resilient Language Agents as Graphs"**. *LangChain team.* GitHub 2024. [[Code](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph)]
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- <u>MemGPT</u>: **"MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems"**. *Packer et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560)] [[Code](https://github.com/cpacker/MemGPT)]
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- <u>Voyager</u>: **"Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16291)] [[Code](https://github.com/MineDojo/Voyager)]
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- <u>Reflexion</u>: **"Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning"**. *Shinn et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11366)] [[Code](https://github.com/noahshinn/reflexion)]
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#### Evaluation Infrastructure
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- <u>AgentBench</u>: **"AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents"**. *Liu et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03688)] [[Code](https://github.com/THUDM/AgentBench)]
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- <u>SWE-bench</u>: **"SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?"**. *Jimenez et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770)] [[Code](https://github.com/swebench/SWE-bench)]
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- <u>OSWorld</u>: **"OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments"**. *Xie et al.* NeurIPS 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07972)] [[Code](https://github.com/xlang-ai/OSWorld)]
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- <u>SHIELDA</u>†: **"SHIELDA: Structured Handling of Exceptions in LLM-Driven Agentic Workflows"**. *Zhou et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07935)]
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- <u>PALADIN</u>†: **"PALADIN: Self-Correcting Language Model Agents to Cure Tool-Failure Cases"**. *Vuddanti et al.* ICLR 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25238)]
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- <u>AgentBound</u>†: **"Securing AI Agent Execution"**. *Bühler et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21236)]
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- <u>AgentSys</u>†: **"AgentSys: Secure and Dynamic LLM Agents Through Explicit Hierarchical Memory Management"**. *Wen et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07398)]
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- <u>Indirect Prompt Injection</u>: **"Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection"**. *Greshake et al.* AISec 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173)]
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- <u>AgentHarm</u>†: **"AgentHarm: A Benchmark for Measuring Harmfulness of LLM Agents"**. *Andriushchenko et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.09024)]
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- <u>TrustAgent</u>: **"TrustAgent: Towards Safe and Trustworthy LLM-Based Agents"**. *Hua et al.* EMNLP 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01586)]
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- <u>ToolEmu</u>†: **"Identifying the Risks of LM Agents with an LM-Emulated Sandbox"**. *Ruan et al.* arXiv 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15817)]
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- <u>Hell or High Water</u>†: **"Hell or High Water: Evaluating Agentic Recovery from External Failures"**. *Wang et al.* COLM 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11027)]
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- <u>SearchLLM</u>†: **"Aligning Large Language Models with Searcher Preferences"**. *Wu et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10473)]
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- <u>Meta-Harness</u>†: **"Meta-Harness: End-to-End Optimization of Model Harnesses"**. *Lee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.28052)]
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- <u>TheAgentCompany</u>†: **"TheAgentCompany: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Consequential Real-World Tasks"**. *Xu et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14161)]
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- <u>BrowserGym</u>†: **"The BrowserGym Ecosystem for Web Agent Research"**. *Le Sellier De Chezelles et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05467)]
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- <u>WorkArena</u>†: **"WorkArena: How Capable are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?"**. *Drouin et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07718)]
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> **Key numbers:** MCP (tool↔harness): 2–15ms latency; A2A (agent↔agent): 50–200ms; ACP (intent-level, IBM) — three protocols serve complementary roles.
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- <u>MCP</u>: **"Model Context Protocol"**. *Anthropic.* Technical Report 2024. [[Spec](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)]
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- <u>A2A</u>: **"Agent-to-Agent Protocol"**. *Google.* Technical Report 2025. [[Spec](https://google.github.io/A2A/)]
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- <u>Protocol Comparison</u>†: **"A Survey of Agent Interoperability Protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP)"**. *Ehtesham et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02279)]
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- <u>Gorilla</u>: **"Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs"**. *Patil et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.15334)] [[Code](https://github.com/ShishirPatil/gorilla)]
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<img src="assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="Multi-Agent Coordination Topologies"/>
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</p>
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- <u>SAGA</u>†: **"SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems"**. *Syros et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21034)]
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- <u>MAS-FIRE</u>†: **"MAS-FIRE: Fault Injection and Reliability Evaluation for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems"**. *Jia et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19843)]
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- <u>Byzantine fault tolerance</u>†: **"Rethinking the Reliability of Multi-agent System: A Perspective from Byzantine Fault Tolerance"**. *Zheng et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10400)]
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> **Key numbers:** OpenRouter reports **13T tokens/week** (Feb 2026), doubling every 4 weeks; AgencyBench measures **1M tokens/task** average; 1000× agent compute growth projected by 2027; AIOS achieves **2.1× throughput speedup** via proper agent scheduling.
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- <u>Repo2Run</u>†: **"Repo2Run: Automated Building Executable Environment for Code Repository at Scale"**. *Hu et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13681)]
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- <u>Policy-First</u>†: **"Guardrails as Infrastructure: Policy-First Control for Tool-Orchestrated Workflows"**. *Sigdel & Baral.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18059)]
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### Emerging Topics
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- <u>Self-Evolving Agents Survey</u>†: **"A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligence"**. *Gao et al.* TMLR 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21046)]
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- <u>Self-RAG</u>: **"Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique Through Self-Reflection"**. *Asai et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11511)]
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- <u>Constitutional AI</u>: **"Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback"**. *Bai et al.* arXiv 2022. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073)]
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> Production deployment experiences from Stripe, OpenAI, Cursor, METR, and other frontier practitioners.
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- <u>Stripe Minions</u>: **"Minions: Stripe's one-shot, end-to-end coding agents"**. *Gray.* Stripe Dev Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://stripe.dev/blog/minions-stripes-one-shot-end-to-end-coding-agents)]
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- <u>Harness Engineering (OpenAI)</u>: **"Harness engineering: leveraging Codex in an agent-first world"**. *Lopopolo.* OpenAI Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://openai.com/index/harness-engineering/)]
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- <u>Self-Driving Codebases</u>: **"Towards self-driving codebases"**. *Lin.* Cursor Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://cursor.com/blog/self-driving-codebases)]
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| v1 | 2026-04-03 | Initial release |
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| v2 | 2026-04-07 | Repo updated |
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| v3 | 2026-04-09 | Preprint added |
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---
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<p align="center">
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<i>This survey is under active development; the full manuscript will be released soon.</i><br>
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<i>Maintained by Qianyu Meng & Liyi Chen. PRs welcome for missing papers or updated links.</i>
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</p>
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-
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[](https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/stargazers)
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[](LICENSE)
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[]()
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[]()
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[](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GloriaaaM/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey)
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[](10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v3)
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</div>
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<p align="center">
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<img src="assets/architecture_diagram.png" width="720" alt="H=(E,T,C,S,L,V) Six-Component Architecture"/>
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</p>
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> ⭐ **This repo is actively maintained. If you find it useful, please star the repo to stay updated and help others find it.**
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---
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> **The agent execution harness — not the model — is the primary determinant of agent reliability at scale.**
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> This survey formalizes the harness as a first-class architectural object **H = (E, T, C, S, L, V)**, surveys 110+ papers, blogs and reports across 23 systems, and maps 9 open technical challenges.
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> 📄 **[Read the Paper](./Agent_Harness_for_LLM_Agents__A_Survey_v3.pdf)**
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> 🌐 **[Preprints Version (v3)](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v3)**
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> ✉️ Corrections & suggestions: gloriamenng@gmail.com (Qianyu Meng); wangyanan@mail.dlut.edu.cn (Yanan Wang); chenliyi@xiaohongshu.com (Liyi Chen)
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If you find this survey useful, please cite:
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```bibtex
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@article{meng2026agentharness,
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title = {Agent Harness for Large Language Model Agents: A Survey},
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author = {Meng, Qianyu and Wang, Yanan and Chen, Liyi and Wu, Wei and
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Li, Yihang and Jiang, Wenyuan and Wang, Qimeng and
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Lu, Chengqiang and Gao, Yan and Wu, Yi and Hu, Yao},
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year = {2026},
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doi = {10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v3},
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url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v3},
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publisher = {Preprints},
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}
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```
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---
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- **[2026-04-03]** Initial release
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- **[2026-04-07]** Repo updated
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- **[2026-04-09]** Preprint released
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- **[2026-04-14]** Citation Updated
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---
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- <u>ReAct</u>: **"ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"**. *Yao et al.* ICLR 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)] [[Code](https://github.com/ysymyth/ReAct)]
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- <u>Toolformer</u>: **"Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools"**. *Schick et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761)]
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- <u>AutoGPT</u>: **"Auto-GPT: An Autonomous GPT-4 Experiment"**. *Gravitas et al.* GitHub 2023. [[Code](https://github.com/Significant-Gravitas/AutoGPT)]
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- <u>BabyAGI</u>: **"BabyAGI"**. *Nakajima.* GitHub 2023. [[Code](https://github.com/yoheinakajima/babyagi)]
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- <u>HuggingGPT</u>: **"HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and Its Friends in Hugging Face"**. *Shen et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17580)]
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- <u>LangChain</u>: **"LangChain: Building Applications with LLMs through Composability"**. *Chase et al.* GitHub 2022. [[Code](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain)]
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---
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#### Frameworks & Modules
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- <u>LangGraph</u>: **"LangGraph: Build Resilient Language Agents as Graphs"**. *LangChain team.* GitHub 2024. [[Code](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph)]
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- <u>CrewAI</u>: **"CrewAI: Framework for Orchestrating Role-Playing, Autonomous AI Agents"**. *Moura et al.* GitHub 2024. [[Code](https://github.com/crewAIInc/crewAI)]
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- <u>PydanticAI</u>: **"PydanticAI: Agent Framework for Production-Grade GenAI Applications"**. *Pydantic Team.* GitHub 2024. [[Code](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-ai)]
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- <u>smolagents</u>: **"smolagents: A Smol Library to Build Great Agentic Systems"**. *Roucher et al.* GitHub 2025. [[Code](https://github.com/huggingface/smolagents)]
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- <u>Hermes Agent</u>: **"Hermes Agent: Self-Improving AI Agent Framework"**. *Nous Research.* GitHub 2026. [[Code](https://github.com/nousresearch/hermes-agent)] [[Docs](https://hermes-agent.nousresearch.com/docs/)]
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- <u>AWS Multi-Agent Orchestrator</u>: **"Multi-Agent Orchestrator"**. *Amazon Web Services.* GitHub 2024. [[Code](https://github.com/awslabs/agent-squad)]
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- <u>MemGPT</u>: **"MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems"**. *Packer et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560)] [[Code](https://github.com/cpacker/MemGPT)]
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- <u>Voyager</u>: **"Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16291)] [[Code](https://github.com/MineDojo/Voyager)]
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- <u>Reflexion</u>: **"Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning"**. *Shinn et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11366)] [[Code](https://github.com/noahshinn/reflexion)]
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#### Evaluation Infrastructure
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- <u>lm-evaluation-harness</u>: **"lm-evaluation-harness"**. *Gao et al.* GitHub 2021. [[Code](https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness)]
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- <u>API-Bank</u>: **"Api-bank: A comprehensive benchmark for tool-augmented llms"**. *Li et al.* EMNLP 2023. [[Paper](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.187/)]
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- <u>AgentBench</u>: **"AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents"**. *Liu et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03688)] [[Code](https://github.com/THUDM/AgentBench)]
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- <u>SWE-bench</u>: **"SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?"**. *Jimenez et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770)] [[Code](https://github.com/swebench/SWE-bench)]
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- <u>OSWorld</u>: **"OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments"**. *Xie et al.* NeurIPS 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07972)] [[Code](https://github.com/xlang-ai/OSWorld)]
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- <u>SHIELDA</u>†: **"SHIELDA: Structured Handling of Exceptions in LLM-Driven Agentic Workflows"**. *Zhou et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07935)]
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- <u>PALADIN</u>†: **"PALADIN: Self-Correcting Language Model Agents to Cure Tool-Failure Cases"**. *Vuddanti et al.* ICLR 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25238)]
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- <u>AgentBound</u>†: **"Securing AI Agent Execution"**. *Bühler et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21236)]
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- <u>AgentSpec</u>†: **"Agentspec: Customizable runtime enforcement for safe and reliable llm agents"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.18666)]
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| 394 |
- <u>AgentSys</u>†: **"AgentSys: Secure and Dynamic LLM Agents Through Explicit Hierarchical Memory Management"**. *Wen et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07398)]
|
| 395 |
+
- <u>Docker</u>: **"Docker: Lightweight Linux Containers for Consistent Development and Deployment"**. *Merkel.* Linux Journal 2014(239). [[Paper](https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/docker-lightweight-linux-containers-consistent-development-and-deployment)]
|
| 396 |
+
- <u>gVisor</u>: **"The True Cost of Containing: A gVisor Case Study"**. *Young et al.* HotCloud '19. [[Paper](https://www.usenix.org/conference/hotcloud19/presentation/young)]
|
| 397 |
+
- <u>Firecracker</u>: **"Firecracker: Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Applications"**. *Agache et al.* NSDI 2020. [[Paper](https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi20/presentation/agache)]
|
| 398 |
+
- <u>WebAssembly</u>: **"Bringing the Web up to Speed with WebAssembly"**. *Haas et al.* PLDI 2017. [[Paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/3062341.3062363)]
|
| 399 |
- <u>Indirect Prompt Injection</u>: **"Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection"**. *Greshake et al.* AISec 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173)]
|
| 400 |
+
- <u>Misevolution Risks</u>†: **"Your agent may misevolve: Emergent risks in self-evolving llm agents"**. *Shao et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26354)]
|
| 401 |
+
- <u>Security Threat Modeling</u>†: **"Security Threat Modeling for Emerging AI-Agent Protocols: A Comparative Analysis of MCP, A2A, Agora, and ANP"**. *Anbiaee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11327)]
|
| 402 |
- <u>AgentHarm</u>†: **"AgentHarm: A Benchmark for Measuring Harmfulness of LLM Agents"**. *Andriushchenko et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.09024)]
|
| 403 |
- <u>TrustAgent</u>: **"TrustAgent: Towards Safe and Trustworthy LLM-Based Agents"**. *Hua et al.* EMNLP 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01586)]
|
| 404 |
- <u>ToolEmu</u>†: **"Identifying the Risks of LM Agents with an LM-Emulated Sandbox"**. *Ruan et al.* arXiv 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15817)]
|
|
|
|
| 413 |
- <u>Hell or High Water</u>†: **"Hell or High Water: Evaluating Agentic Recovery from External Failures"**. *Wang et al.* COLM 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11027)]
|
| 414 |
- <u>SearchLLM</u>†: **"Aligning Large Language Models with Searcher Preferences"**. *Wu et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10473)]
|
| 415 |
- <u>Meta-Harness</u>†: **"Meta-Harness: End-to-End Optimization of Model Harnesses"**. *Lee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.28052)]
|
| 416 |
+
- <u>AutoHarness</u>†: **"AutoHarness: improving LLM agents by automatically synthesizing a code harness"**. *Lou et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03329)]
|
| 417 |
+
- <u>MASEval</u>†: **"MASEval: Extending Multi-Agent Evaluation from Models to Systems"**. *Emde et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.08835)]
|
| 418 |
+
- <u>VeRO</u>†: **"VeRO: An Evaluation Harness for Agents to Optimize Agents"**. *Ursekar et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22480)]
|
| 419 |
- <u>TheAgentCompany</u>†: **"TheAgentCompany: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Consequential Real-World Tasks"**. *Xu et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14161)]
|
| 420 |
- <u>BrowserGym</u>†: **"The BrowserGym Ecosystem for Web Agent Research"**. *Le Sellier De Chezelles et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05467)]
|
| 421 |
- <u>WorkArena</u>†: **"WorkArena: How Capable are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?"**. *Drouin et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07718)]
|
|
|
|
| 429 |
> **Key numbers:** MCP (tool↔harness): 2–15ms latency; A2A (agent↔agent): 50–200ms; ACP (intent-level, IBM) — three protocols serve complementary roles.
|
| 430 |
|
| 431 |
- <u>MCP</u>: **"Model Context Protocol"**. *Anthropic.* Technical Report 2024. [[Spec](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)]
|
| 432 |
+
- <u>A2A</u>: **"Agent-to-Agent Protocol"**. *Google.* Technical Report 2025. [[Spec](https://google.github.io/A2A/)] [[Announcement](https://developers.googleblog.com/en/a2a-a-new-era-of-agent-interoperability/)]
|
| 433 |
- <u>Protocol Comparison</u>†: **"A Survey of Agent Interoperability Protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP)"**. *Ehtesham et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02279)]
|
| 434 |
- <u>Gorilla</u>: **"Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs"**. *Patil et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.15334)] [[Code](https://github.com/ShishirPatil/gorilla)]
|
| 435 |
|
|
|
|
| 496 |
<img src="assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="Multi-Agent Coordination Topologies"/>
|
| 497 |
</p>
|
| 498 |
|
| 499 |
+
- <u>AdaptOrch</u>†: **"AdaptOrch: Task-Adaptive Multi-Agent Orchestration in the Era of LLM Performance Convergence"**. *Yu.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.16873)]
|
| 500 |
- <u>SAGA</u>†: **"SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems"**. *Syros et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21034)]
|
| 501 |
- <u>MAS-FIRE</u>†: **"MAS-FIRE: Fault Injection and Reliability Evaluation for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems"**. *Jia et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19843)]
|
| 502 |
- <u>Byzantine fault tolerance</u>†: **"Rethinking the Reliability of Multi-agent System: A Perspective from Byzantine Fault Tolerance"**. *Zheng et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10400)]
|
|
|
|
| 510 |
|
| 511 |
> **Key numbers:** OpenRouter reports **13T tokens/week** (Feb 2026), doubling every 4 weeks; AgencyBench measures **1M tokens/task** average; 1000× agent compute growth projected by 2027; AIOS achieves **2.1× throughput speedup** via proper agent scheduling.
|
| 512 |
|
| 513 |
+
- <u>State of AI Report</u>: **"State of AI: An Empirical 100 Trillion Token Study with OpenRouter"**. *Aubakirova et al.* Andreessen Horowitz (a16z) and OpenRouter Inc., December 2025. [[Report](https://openrouter.ai/state-of-ai)]
|
| 514 |
+
- <u>BentoML Inference Report</u>: **"Beyond Tokens-per-Second: How to Balance Speed, Cost, and Quality in LLM Inference"**. *Yang.* BentoML Blog, January 2026. [[Blog](https://www.bentoml.com/blog/beyond-tokens-per-second-how-to-balance-speed-cost-and-quality-in-llm-inference)]
|
| 515 |
+
- <u>H100 Price Spike</u>: **"H100 Price Spike: Understanding the 10% Surge in GPU Rental Costs"**. *Li.* Silicon Data Blog, January 2026. [[Blog](https://www.silicondata.com/blog/h100-price-spike)]
|
| 516 |
+
- <u>NVIDIA GTC 2026</u>: **"NVIDIA GTC 2026: Live Updates on What's Next in AI"**. *NVIDIA.* NVIDIA Blog, March 2026. [[Blog](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/gtc-2026-news/)]
|
| 517 |
- <u>Repo2Run</u>†: **"Repo2Run: Automated Building Executable Environment for Code Repository at Scale"**. *Hu et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13681)]
|
| 518 |
- <u>Policy-First</u>†: **"Guardrails as Infrastructure: Policy-First Control for Tool-Orchestrated Workflows"**. *Sigdel & Baral.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18059)]
|
| 519 |
|
|
|
|
| 521 |
|
| 522 |
### Emerging Topics
|
| 523 |
|
| 524 |
+
- <u>Harness Engineering for Language Agents</u>†: **"Harness Engineering for Language Agents: The Harness Layer as Control, Agency, and Runtime"**. *He et al.* Preprints 2026. [[Paper](https://www.preprints.org)]
|
| 525 |
+
- <u>DeepAgent</u>†: **"Deepagent: A general reasoning agent with scalable toolsets"**. *Li et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21618)]
|
| 526 |
+
- <u>Natural-Language Harnesses</u>†: **"Natural-Language Agent Harnesses"**. *Pan et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.25723)]
|
| 527 |
- <u>Self-Evolving Agents Survey</u>†: **"A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligence"**. *Gao et al.* TMLR 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21046)]
|
| 528 |
- <u>Self-RAG</u>: **"Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique Through Self-Reflection"**. *Asai et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11511)]
|
| 529 |
- <u>Constitutional AI</u>: **"Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback"**. *Bai et al.* arXiv 2022. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073)]
|
|
|
|
| 540 |
|
| 541 |
> Production deployment experiences from Stripe, OpenAI, Cursor, METR, and other frontier practitioners.
|
| 542 |
|
| 543 |
+
- <u>Building Effective Agents</u>: **"Building Effective Agents"**. *Anthropic.* Anthropic Engineering Blog, 2026. [[Blog](https://www.anthropic.com/engineering)]
|
| 544 |
+
- <u>Demystifying Evals</u>: **"Demystifying Evals for AI Agents"**. *Anthropic.* Anthropic Engineering Blog, 2026. [[Blog](https://www.anthropic.com/engineering)]
|
| 545 |
+
- <u>Context Engineering</u>: **"Context Engineering Our Way to Long-Horizon Agents"**. *Chase.* Sequoia Capital Podcast, 2026.
|
| 546 |
+
- <u>Agent Frameworks, Runtimes, and Harnesses</u>: **"Agent Frameworks, Runtimes, and Harnesses"**. *LangChain.* LangChain Blog, 2025. [[Blog](https://blog.langchain.com/agent-frameworks-runtimes-and-harnesses-oh-my/)]
|
| 547 |
+
- <u>We Removed 80% of Our Agent's Tools</u>: **"We Removed 80% of Our Agent's Tools"**. *Qu.* Vercel Engineering Blog, 2025. [[Blog](https://vercel.com/blog/we-removed-80-percent-of-our-agents-tools)]
|
| 548 |
+
- <u>Harness Problem</u>: **"I Improved 15 LLMs at Coding in One Afternoon. Only the Harness Changed."**. *Can.* Personal blog (blog.can.ac), February 2026. [[Blog](https://blog.can.ac/2026/02/12/the-harness-problem/)]
|
| 549 |
+
- <u>AI Adoption Journey</u>: **"My AI Adoption Journey"**. *Hashimoto.* Personal blog, February 2026. [[Blog](https://mitchellh.com/writing/my-ai-adoption-journey)]
|
| 550 |
+
- <u>The Harness Gap</u>: **"The Harness Gap: AI Coding Output Rose 59% in 2025 While Teams Shipped 7% Less"**. *Zoom In AI.* Medium (Write A Catalyst), March 2026. [[Blog](https://medium.com/write-a-catalyst/the-harness-gap-ai-coding-output-rose-59-in-2025-while-teams-shipped-7-less-082d3d07cff8)]
|
| 551 |
- <u>Stripe Minions</u>: **"Minions: Stripe's one-shot, end-to-end coding agents"**. *Gray.* Stripe Dev Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://stripe.dev/blog/minions-stripes-one-shot-end-to-end-coding-agents)]
|
| 552 |
- <u>Harness Engineering (OpenAI)</u>: **"Harness engineering: leveraging Codex in an agent-first world"**. *Lopopolo.* OpenAI Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://openai.com/index/harness-engineering/)]
|
| 553 |
- <u>Self-Driving Codebases</u>: **"Towards self-driving codebases"**. *Lin.* Cursor Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://cursor.com/blog/self-driving-codebases)]
|
|
|
|
| 583 |
| v1 | 2026-04-03 | Initial release |
|
| 584 |
| v2 | 2026-04-07 | Repo updated |
|
| 585 |
| v3 | 2026-04-09 | Preprint added |
|
| 586 |
+
| v4 | 2026-04-14 | Citation Updated |
|
| 587 |
---
|
| 588 |
|
| 589 |
<p align="center">
|
|
|
|
| 591 |
<i>This survey is under active development; the full manuscript will be released soon.</i><br>
|
| 592 |
<i>Maintained by Qianyu Meng & Liyi Chen. PRs welcome for missing papers or updated links.</i>
|
| 593 |
</p>
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[](https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/stargazers)
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[](LICENSE)
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[](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GloriaaaM/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey)
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[ 六组件架构"/>
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</p>
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> ⭐ **本 survey 持续更新中。如果对你有帮助,欢迎 Star 关注最新进展,也帮助更多人发现它。**
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---
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如果本综述对您有所帮助,请引用:
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```bibtex
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@article{meng2026agentharness,
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- **[2026-04-03]** 首次发布
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- **[2026-04-07]** 仓库更新
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- **[2026-04-07]** 预印本索引
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---
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## 目录
|
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| 304 |
- <u>ReAct</u>: **"ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"**. *Yao et al.* ICLR 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)] [[代码](https://github.com/ysymyth/ReAct)]
|
| 305 |
- <u>Toolformer</u>: **"Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools"**. *Schick et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761)]
|
| 306 |
- <u>AutoGPT</u>: **"Auto-GPT: An Autonomous GPT-4 Experiment"**. *Gravitas et al.* GitHub 2023. [[代码](https://github.com/Significant-Gravitas/AutoGPT)]
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| 307 |
- <u>LangChain</u>: **"LangChain: Building Applications with LLMs through Composability"**. *Chase et al.* GitHub 2022. [[代码](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain)]
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| 309 |
---
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#### 框架与模块
|
| 335 |
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| 336 |
- <u>LangGraph</u>: **"LangGraph: Build Resilient Language Agents as Graphs"**. *LangChain team.* GitHub 2024. [[代码](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph)]
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- <u>MemGPT</u>: **"MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems"**. *Packer et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560)] [[代码](https://github.com/cpacker/MemGPT)]
|
| 338 |
- <u>Voyager</u>: **"Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16291)] [[代码](https://github.com/MineDojo/Voyager)]
|
| 339 |
- <u>Reflexion</u>: **"Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning"**. *Shinn et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11366)] [[代码](https://github.com/noahshinn/reflexion)]
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#### 评估基础设施
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| 348 |
- <u>AgentBench</u>: **"AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents"**. *Liu et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03688)] [[代码](https://github.com/THUDM/AgentBench)]
|
| 349 |
- <u>SWE-bench</u>: **"SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?"**. *Jimenez et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770)] [[代码](https://github.com/swebench/SWE-bench)]
|
| 350 |
- <u>OSWorld</u>: **"OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments"**. *Xie et al.* NeurIPS 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07972)] [[代码](https://github.com/xlang-ai/OSWorld)]
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> **关键数据:**SandboxEscapeBench——前沿LLM达到**15–35%容器逃逸率**;PRISM——10个钩子的零分叉运行时将逃逸降至接近零,开销<5ms。
|
| 376 |
|
| 377 |
-
- <u>SandboxEscapeBench</u>†: **"Quantifying Frontier LLM Capabilities for Container Sandbox Escape"**. *Marchand et al.* arXiv 2026. [[
|
| 378 |
-
- <u>InjecAgent</u>: **"InjecAgent: Benchmarking Indirect Prompt Injections in Tool-Integrated Large Language Model Agents"**. *Zhan et al.* arXiv 2024. [[
|
| 379 |
-
- <u>ToolHijacker</u>†: **"Prompt Injection Attack to Tool Selection in LLM Agents"**. *Shi et al.* NDSS 2026. [[
|
| 380 |
-
- <u>Securing MCP</u>†: **"Securing the Model Context Protocol (MCP): Risks, Controls, and Governance"**. *Errico et al.* arXiv 2025. [[
|
| 381 |
-
- <u>SHIELDA</u>†: **"SHIELDA: Structured Handling of Exceptions in LLM-Driven Agentic Workflows"**. *Zhou et al.* arXiv 2025. [[
|
| 382 |
-
- <u>PALADIN</u>†: **"PALADIN: Self-Correcting Language Model Agents to Cure Tool-Failure Cases"**. *Vuddanti et al.* ICLR 2026. [[
|
| 383 |
-
- <u>AgentBound</u>†: **"Securing AI Agent Execution"**. *Bühler et al.* arXiv 2025. [[
|
| 384 |
-
- <u>
|
| 385 |
-
- <u>
|
| 386 |
-
- <u>
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| 387 |
-
- <u>
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-
- <u>
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-
- <u>
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#### 评估与基准测试
|
| 392 |
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@@ -397,6 +412,9 @@ size_categories:
|
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| 397 |
- <u>Hell or High Water</u>†: **"Hell or High Water: Evaluating Agentic Recovery from External Failures"**. *Wang et al.* COLM 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11027)]
|
| 398 |
- <u>SearchLLM</u>†: **"Aligning Large Language Models with Searcher Preferences"**. *Wu et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10473)]
|
| 399 |
- <u>Meta-Harness</u>†: **"Meta-Harness: End-to-End Optimization of Model Harnesses"**. *Lee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.28052)]
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
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| 400 |
- <u>TheAgentCompany</u>†: **"TheAgentCompany: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Consequential Real-World Tasks"**. *Xu et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14161)]
|
| 401 |
- <u>BrowserGym</u>†: **"The BrowserGym Ecosystem for Web Agent Research"**. *Le Sellier De Chezelles et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05467)]
|
| 402 |
- <u>WorkArena</u>†: **"WorkArena: How Capable are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?"**. *Drouin et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07718)]
|
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@@ -410,8 +428,8 @@ size_categories:
|
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| 410 |
> **关键数据:**MCP(工具↔约束工程):2–15ms延迟;A2A(智能体↔智能体):50–200ms;ACP(意图级,IBM)——三种协议服务于互补角色。
|
| 411 |
|
| 412 |
- <u>MCP</u>: **"Model Context Protocol"**. *Anthropic.* Technical Report 2024. [[Spec](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)]
|
| 413 |
-
- <u>A2A</u>: **"Agent-to-Agent Protocol"**. *Google.* Technical Report 2025. [[
|
| 414 |
-
- <u>Protocol Comparison</u>†: **"A Survey of Agent Interoperability Protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP)"**. *Ehtesham et al.* arXiv 2025. [[
|
| 415 |
- <u>Gorilla</u>: **"Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs"**. *Patil et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.15334)] [[Code](https://github.com/ShishirPatil/gorilla)]
|
| 416 |
|
| 417 |
#### 运行时上下文管理
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| 478 |
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/main/assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="多智能体协同拓扑"/>
|
| 479 |
</p>
|
| 480 |
|
|
|
|
| 481 |
- <u>SAGA</u>†: **"SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems"**. *Syros et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21034)]
|
| 482 |
- <u>MAS-FIRE</u>†: **"MAS-FIRE: Fault Injection and Reliability Evaluation for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems"**. *Jia et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19843)]
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| 483 |
- <u>Byzantine fault tolerance</u>†: **"Rethinking the Reliability of Multi-agent System: A Perspective from Byzantine Fault Tolerance"**. *Zheng et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10400)]
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> **关键数据:**OpenRouter 报告**每周13T tokens**(2026年2月),每4周翻倍;AgencyBench 测量平均**1M tokens/任务**;预计2027年智能体计算量增长1000倍;AIOS 通过恰当的智能体调度实现**2.1×吞吐加速**。
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- <u>Repo2Run</u>†: **"Repo2Run: Automated Building Executable Environment for Code Repository at Scale"**. *Hu et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13681)]
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| 495 |
- <u>Policy-First</u>†: **"Guardrails as Infrastructure: Policy-First Control for Tool-Orchestrated Workflows"**. *Sigdel & Baral.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18059)]
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### 新兴主题
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#### 相关综述
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> 来自 Stripe、OpenAI、Cursor、METR 及其他前沿实践者的生产部署经验。
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| v1 | 2026-04-03 | 首次预印本 |
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| v2 | 2026-04-07 | 仓库更新 |
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| v3 | 2026-04-09 | 预印本索引 |
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---
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[](https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/stargazers)
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[](LICENSE)
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[]()
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[]()
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[](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GloriaaaM/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey)
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[](10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v3)
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</div>
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<img src="assets/architecture_diagram.png" width="720" alt="H=(E,T,C,S,L,V) 六组件架构"/>
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</p>
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> ⭐ **本仓库持续更新中。如果对你有帮助,欢迎 Star 关注最新进展,也帮助更多人发现它。**
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---
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如果本综述对您有所帮助,请引用:
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```bibtex
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@article{meng2026agentharness,
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title = {Agent Harness for Large Language Model Agents: A Survey},
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author = {Meng, Qianyu and Wang, Yanan and Chen, Liyi and Wu, Wei and
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Li, Yihang and Jiang, Wenyuan and Wang, Qimeng and
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Lu, Chengqiang and Gao, Yan and Wu, Yi and Hu, Yao},
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year = {2026},
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doi = {10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v3},
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url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v3},
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publisher = {Preprints},
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}
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```
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---
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- **[2026-04-03]** 首次发布
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- **[2026-04-07]** 仓库更新
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- **[2026-04-07]** 预印本索引
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+
- **[2026-04-14]** 引用更新
|
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---
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## 目录
|
|
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|
| 303 |
- <u>ReAct</u>: **"ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"**. *Yao et al.* ICLR 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)] [[代码](https://github.com/ysymyth/ReAct)]
|
| 304 |
- <u>Toolformer</u>: **"Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools"**. *Schick et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761)]
|
| 305 |
- <u>AutoGPT</u>: **"Auto-GPT: An Autonomous GPT-4 Experiment"**. *Gravitas et al.* GitHub 2023. [[代码](https://github.com/Significant-Gravitas/AutoGPT)]
|
| 306 |
+
- <u>BabyAGI</u>: **"BabyAGI"**. *Nakajima.* GitHub 2023. [[代码](https://github.com/yoheinakajima/babyagi)]
|
| 307 |
+
- <u>HuggingGPT</u>: **"HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and Its Friends in Hugging Face"**. *Shen et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17580)]
|
| 308 |
- <u>LangChain</u>: **"LangChain: Building Applications with LLMs through Composability"**. *Chase et al.* GitHub 2022. [[代码](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain)]
|
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|
| 310 |
---
|
|
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| 335 |
#### 框架与模块
|
| 336 |
|
| 337 |
- <u>LangGraph</u>: **"LangGraph: Build Resilient Language Agents as Graphs"**. *LangChain team.* GitHub 2024. [[代码](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph)]
|
| 338 |
+
- <u>CrewAI</u>: **"CrewAI: Framework for Orchestrating Role-Playing, Autonomous AI Agents"**. *Moura et al.* GitHub 2024. [[代码](https://github.com/crewAIInc/crewAI)]
|
| 339 |
+
- <u>PydanticAI</u>: **"PydanticAI: Agent Framework for Production-Grade GenAI Applications"**. *Pydantic Team.* GitHub 2024. [[代码](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-ai)]
|
| 340 |
+
- <u>smolagents</u>: **"smolagents: A Smol Library to Build Great Agentic Systems"**. *Roucher et al.* GitHub 2025. [[代码](https://github.com/huggingface/smolagents)]
|
| 341 |
+
- <u>Hermes Agent</u>: **"Hermes Agent: Self-Improving AI Agent Framework"**. *Nous Research.* GitHub 2026. [[代码](https://github.com/nousresearch/hermes-agent)] [[文档](https://hermes-agent.nousresearch.com/docs/)]
|
| 342 |
+
- <u>AWS Multi-Agent Orchestrator</u>: **"Multi-Agent Orchestrator"**. *Amazon Web Services.* GitHub 2024. [[代码](https://github.com/awslabs/agent-squad)]
|
| 343 |
- <u>MemGPT</u>: **"MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems"**. *Packer et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560)] [[代码](https://github.com/cpacker/MemGPT)]
|
| 344 |
- <u>Voyager</u>: **"Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16291)] [[代码](https://github.com/MineDojo/Voyager)]
|
| 345 |
- <u>Reflexion</u>: **"Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning"**. *Shinn et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11366)] [[代码](https://github.com/noahshinn/reflexion)]
|
|
|
|
| 351 |
|
| 352 |
#### 评估基础设施
|
| 353 |
|
| 354 |
+
- <u>lm-evaluation-harness</u>: **"lm-evaluation-harness"**. *Gao et al.* GitHub 2021. [[代码](https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness)]
|
| 355 |
+
- <u>API-Bank</u>: **"Api-bank: A comprehensive benchmark for tool-augmented llms"**. *Li et al.* EMNLP 2023. [[论文](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.187/)]
|
| 356 |
- <u>AgentBench</u>: **"AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents"**. *Liu et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03688)] [[代码](https://github.com/THUDM/AgentBench)]
|
| 357 |
- <u>SWE-bench</u>: **"SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?"**. *Jimenez et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770)] [[代码](https://github.com/swebench/SWE-bench)]
|
| 358 |
- <u>OSWorld</u>: **"OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments"**. *Xie et al.* NeurIPS 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07972)] [[代码](https://github.com/xlang-ai/OSWorld)]
|
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|
| 382 |
|
| 383 |
> **关键数据:**SandboxEscapeBench——前沿LLM达到**15–35%容器逃逸率**;PRISM——10个钩子的零分叉运行时将逃逸降至接近零,开销<5ms。
|
| 384 |
|
| 385 |
+
- <u>SandboxEscapeBench</u>†: **"Quantifying Frontier LLM Capabilities for Container Sandbox Escape"**. *Marchand et al.* arXiv 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.02277)]
|
| 386 |
+
- <u>InjecAgent</u>: **"InjecAgent: Benchmarking Indirect Prompt Injections in Tool-Integrated Large Language Model Agents"**. *Zhan et al.* arXiv 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.02691)]
|
| 387 |
+
- <u>ToolHijacker</u>†: **"Prompt Injection Attack to Tool Selection in LLM Agents"**. *Shi et al.* NDSS 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.19793)]
|
| 388 |
+
- <u>Securing MCP</u>†: **"Securing the Model Context Protocol (MCP): Risks, Controls, and Governance"**. *Errico et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.20920)]
|
| 389 |
+
- <u>SHIELDA</u>†: **"SHIELDA: Structured Handling of Exceptions in LLM-Driven Agentic Workflows"**. *Zhou et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07935)]
|
| 390 |
+
- <u>PALADIN</u>†: **"PALADIN: Self-Correcting Language Model Agents to Cure Tool-Failure Cases"**. *Vuddanti et al.* ICLR 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25238)]
|
| 391 |
+
- <u>AgentBound</u>†: **"Securing AI Agent Execution"**. *Bühler et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21236)]
|
| 392 |
+
- <u>AgentSpec</u>†: **"Agentspec: Customizable runtime enforcement for safe and reliable llm agents"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.18666)]
|
| 393 |
+
- <u>AgentSys</u>†: **"AgentSys: Secure and Dynamic LLM Agents Through Explicit Hierarchical Memory Management"**. *Wen et al.* arXiv 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07398)]
|
| 394 |
+
- <u>Docker</u>: **"Docker: Lightweight Linux Containers for Consistent Development and Deployment"**. *Merkel.* Linux Journal 2014(239). [[论文](https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/docker-lightweight-linux-containers-consistent-development-and-deployment)]
|
| 395 |
+
- <u>gVisor</u>: **"The True Cost of Containing: A gVisor Case Study"**. *Young et al.* HotCloud '19. [[论文](https://www.usenix.org/conference/hotcloud19/presentation/young)]
|
| 396 |
+
- <u>Firecracker</u>: **"Firecracker: Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Applications"**. *Agache et al.* NSDI 2020. [[论文](https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi20/presentation/agache)]
|
| 397 |
+
- <u>WebAssembly</u>: **"Bringing the Web up to Speed with WebAssembly"**. *Haas et al.* PLDI 2017. [[论文](https://doi.org/10.1145/3062341.3062363)]
|
| 398 |
+
- <u>Indirect Prompt Injection</u>: **"Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection"**. *Greshake et al.* AISec 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173)]
|
| 399 |
+
- <u>Misevolution Risks</u>†: **"Your agent may misevolve: Emergent risks in self-evolving llm agents"**. *Shao et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26354)]
|
| 400 |
+
- <u>Security Threat Modeling</u>†: **"Security Threat Modeling for Emerging AI-Agent Protocols: A Comparative Analysis of MCP, A2A, Agora, and ANP"**. *Anbiaee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11327)]
|
| 401 |
+
- <u>AgentHarm</u>†: **"AgentHarm: A Benchmark for Measuring Harmfulness of LLM Agents"**. *Andriushchenko et al.* arXiv 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.09024)]
|
| 402 |
+
- <u>TrustAgent</u>: **"TrustAgent: Towards Safe and Trustworthy LLM-Based Agents"**. *Hua et al.* EMNLP 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01586)]
|
| 403 |
+
- <u>ToolEmu</u>†: **"Identifying the Risks of LM Agents with an LM-Emulated Sandbox"**. *Ruan et al.* arXiv 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15817)]
|
| 404 |
+
- <u>Ignore Previous Prompt</u>: **"Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Models"**. *Perez & Ribeiro.* NeurIPS ML Safety Workshop 2022. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.09527)]
|
| 405 |
|
| 406 |
#### 评估与基准测试
|
| 407 |
|
|
|
|
| 412 |
- <u>Hell or High Water</u>†: **"Hell or High Water: Evaluating Agentic Recovery from External Failures"**. *Wang et al.* COLM 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11027)]
|
| 413 |
- <u>SearchLLM</u>†: **"Aligning Large Language Models with Searcher Preferences"**. *Wu et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10473)]
|
| 414 |
- <u>Meta-Harness</u>†: **"Meta-Harness: End-to-End Optimization of Model Harnesses"**. *Lee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.28052)]
|
| 415 |
+
- <u>AutoHarness</u>†: **"AutoHarness: improving LLM agents by automatically synthesizing a code harness"**. *Lou et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03329)]
|
| 416 |
+
- <u>MASEval</u>†: **"MASEval: Extending Multi-Agent Evaluation from Models to Systems"**. *Emde et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.08835)]
|
| 417 |
+
- <u>VeRO</u>†: **"VeRO: An Evaluation Harness for Agents to Optimize Agents"**. *Ursekar et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22480)]
|
| 418 |
- <u>TheAgentCompany</u>†: **"TheAgentCompany: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Consequential Real-World Tasks"**. *Xu et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14161)]
|
| 419 |
- <u>BrowserGym</u>†: **"The BrowserGym Ecosystem for Web Agent Research"**. *Le Sellier De Chezelles et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05467)]
|
| 420 |
- <u>WorkArena</u>†: **"WorkArena: How Capable are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?"**. *Drouin et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07718)]
|
|
|
|
| 428 |
> **关键数据:**MCP(工具↔约束工程):2–15ms延迟;A2A(智能体↔智能体):50–200ms;ACP(意图级,IBM)——三种协议服务于互补角色。
|
| 429 |
|
| 430 |
- <u>MCP</u>: **"Model Context Protocol"**. *Anthropic.* Technical Report 2024. [[Spec](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)]
|
| 431 |
+
- <u>A2A</u>: **"Agent-to-Agent Protocol"**. *Google.* Technical Report 2025. [[规范](https://google.github.io/A2A/)] [[公告](https://developers.googleblog.com/en/a2a-a-new-era-of-agent-interoperability/)]
|
| 432 |
+
- <u>Protocol Comparison</u>†: **"A Survey of Agent Interoperability Protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP)"**. *Ehtesham et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02279)]
|
| 433 |
- <u>Gorilla</u>: **"Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs"**. *Patil et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.15334)] [[Code](https://github.com/ShishirPatil/gorilla)]
|
| 434 |
|
| 435 |
#### 运行时上下文管理
|
|
|
|
| 496 |
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/main/assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="多智能体协同拓扑"/>
|
| 497 |
</p>
|
| 498 |
|
| 499 |
+
- <u>AdaptOrch</u>†: **"AdaptOrch: Task-Adaptive Multi-Agent Orchestration in the Era of LLM Performance Convergence"**. *Yu.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.16873)]
|
| 500 |
- <u>SAGA</u>†: **"SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems"**. *Syros et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21034)]
|
| 501 |
- <u>MAS-FIRE</u>†: **"MAS-FIRE: Fault Injection and Reliability Evaluation for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems"**. *Jia et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19843)]
|
| 502 |
- <u>Byzantine fault tolerance</u>†: **"Rethinking the Reliability of Multi-agent System: A Perspective from Byzantine Fault Tolerance"**. *Zheng et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10400)]
|
|
|
|
| 510 |
|
| 511 |
> **关键数据:**OpenRouter 报告**每周13T tokens**(2026年2月),每4周翻倍;AgencyBench 测量平均**1M tokens/任务**;预计2027年智能体计算量增长1000倍;AIOS 通过恰当的智能体调度实现**2.1×吞吐加速**。
|
| 512 |
|
| 513 |
+
- <u>State of AI Report</u>: **"State of AI: An Empirical 100 Trillion Token Study with OpenRouter"**. *Aubakirova et al.* Andreessen Horowitz (a16z) and OpenRouter Inc., December 2025. [[报告](https://openrouter.ai/state-of-ai)]
|
| 514 |
+
- <u>BentoML Inference Report</u>: **"Beyond Tokens-per-Second: How to Balance Speed, Cost, and Quality in LLM Inference"**. *Yang.* BentoML Blog, January 2026. [[博客](https://www.bentoml.com/blog/beyond-tokens-per-second-how-to-balance-speed-cost-and-quality-in-llm-inference)]
|
| 515 |
+
- <u>H100 Price Spike</u>: **"H100 Price Spike: Understanding the 10% Surge in GPU Rental Costs"**. *Li.* Silicon Data Blog, January 2026. [[博客](https://www.silicondata.com/blog/h100-price-spike)]
|
| 516 |
+
- <u>NVIDIA GTC 2026</u>: **"NVIDIA GTC 2026: Live Updates on What's Next in AI"**. *NVIDIA.* NVIDIA Blog, March 2026. [[博客](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/gtc-2026-news/)]
|
| 517 |
- <u>Repo2Run</u>†: **"Repo2Run: Automated Building Executable Environment for Code Repository at Scale"**. *Hu et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13681)]
|
| 518 |
- <u>Policy-First</u>†: **"Guardrails as Infrastructure: Policy-First Control for Tool-Orchestrated Workflows"**. *Sigdel & Baral.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18059)]
|
| 519 |
|
|
|
|
| 521 |
|
| 522 |
### 新兴主题
|
| 523 |
|
| 524 |
+
- <u>Harness Engineering for Language Agents</u>†: **"Harness Engineering for Language Agents: The Harness Layer as Control, Agency, and Runtime"**. *He et al.* Preprints 2026. [[论文](https://www.preprints.org)]
|
| 525 |
+
- <u>DeepAgent</u>†: **"Deepagent: A general reasoning agent with scalable toolsets"**. *Li et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21618)]
|
| 526 |
+
- <u>Natural-Language Harnesses</u>†: **"Natural-Language Agent Harnesses"**. *Pan et al.* arXiv 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.25723)]
|
| 527 |
+
- <u>Self-Evolving Agents Survey</u>†: **"A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligence"**. *Gao et al.* TMLR 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21046)]
|
| 528 |
+
- <u>Self-RAG</u>: **"Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique Through Self-Reflection"**. *Asai et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11511)]
|
| 529 |
+
- <u>Constitutional AI</u>: **"Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback"**. *Bai et al.* arXiv 2022. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073)]
|
| 530 |
+
- <u>AppAgent</u>†: **"AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Users"**. *Zhang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13771)]
|
| 531 |
|
| 532 |
#### 相关综述
|
| 533 |
|
|
|
|
| 540 |
|
| 541 |
> 来自 Stripe、OpenAI、Cursor、METR 及其他前沿实践者的生产部署经验。
|
| 542 |
|
| 543 |
+
- <u>Building Effective Agents</u>: **"Building Effective Agents"**. *Anthropic.* Anthropic Engineering Blog, 2026. [[博客](https://www.anthropic.com/engineering)]
|
| 544 |
+
- <u>Demystifying Evals</u>: **"Demystifying Evals for AI Agents"**. *Anthropic.* Anthropic Engineering Blog, 2026. [[博客](https://www.anthropic.com/engineering)]
|
| 545 |
+
- <u>Context Engineering</u>: **"Context Engineering Our Way to Long-Horizon Agents"**. *Chase.* Sequoia Capital Podcast, 2026.
|
| 546 |
+
- <u>Agent Frameworks, Runtimes, and Harnesses</u>: **"Agent Frameworks, Runtimes, and Harnesses"**. *LangChain.* LangChain Blog, 2025. [[博客](https://blog.langchain.com/agent-frameworks-runtimes-and-harnesses-oh-my/)]
|
| 547 |
+
- <u>We Removed 80% of Our Agent's Tools</u>: **"We Removed 80% of Our Agent's Tools"**. *Qu.* Vercel Engineering Blog, 2025. [[博客](https://vercel.com/blog/we-removed-80-percent-of-our-agents-tools)]
|
| 548 |
+
- <u>Harness Problem</u>: **"I Improved 15 LLMs at Coding in One Afternoon. Only the Harness Changed."**. *Can.* Personal blog (blog.can.ac), February 2026. [[博客](https://blog.can.ac/2026/02/12/the-harness-problem/)]
|
| 549 |
+
- <u>AI Adoption Journey</u>: **"My AI Adoption Journey"**. *Hashimoto.* Personal blog, February 2026. [[博客](https://mitchellh.com/writing/my-ai-adoption-journey)]
|
| 550 |
+
- <u>The Harness Gap</u>: **"The Harness Gap: AI Coding Output Rose 59% in 2025 While Teams Shipped 7% Less"**. *Zoom In AI.* Medium (Write A Catalyst), March 2026. [[博客](https://medium.com/write-a-catalyst/the-harness-gap-ai-coding-output-rose-59-in-2025-while-teams-shipped-7-less-082d3d07cff8)]
|
| 551 |
+
- <u>Stripe Minions</u>: **"Minions: Stripe's one-shot, end-to-end coding agents"**. *Gray.* Stripe Dev Blog, Feb 2026. [[博客](https://stripe.dev/blog/minions-stripes-one-shot-end-to-end-coding-agents)]
|
| 552 |
+
- <u>Harness Engineering (OpenAI)</u>: **"Harness engineering: leveraging Codex in an agent-first world"**. *Lopopolo.* OpenAI Blog, Feb 2026. [[博客](https://openai.com/index/harness-engineering/)]
|
| 553 |
+
- <u>Self-Driving Codebases</u>: **"Towards self-driving codebases"**. *Lin.* Cursor Blog, Feb 2026. [[博客](https://cursor.com/blog/self-driving-codebases)]
|
| 554 |
+
- <u>METR SWE-bench Analysis</u>: **"Many SWE-bench-Passing PRs Would Not Be Merged into Main"**. *Whitfill et al.* METR Notes, Mar 2026. [[报告](https://metr.org/notes/2026-03-10-many-swe-bench-passing-prs-would-not-be-merged-into-main/)]
|
| 555 |
|
| 556 |
---
|
| 557 |
|
|
|
|
| 583 |
| v1 | 2026-04-03 | 首次预印本 |
|
| 584 |
| v2 | 2026-04-07 | 仓库更新 |
|
| 585 |
| v3 | 2026-04-09 | 预印本索引 |
|
| 586 |
+
| v4 | 2026-04-14 | 引用更新 |
|
| 587 |
|
| 588 |
---
|
| 589 |
|