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@@ -26,38 +26,39 @@ size_categories:
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  [![GitHub Stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey?style=social)](https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/stargazers)
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  [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-CC--BY--4.0-blue.svg)](LICENSE)
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  [![Papers](https://img.shields.io/badge/Papers-110%2B-green)]()
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- [![Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Version-v2-orange)]()
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  [![HuggingFace](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97-Dataset-yellow)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GloriaaaM/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey)
 
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  </div>
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  <p align="center">
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- <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/main/assets/architecture_diagram.png" width="720" alt="H=(E,T,C,S,L,V) Six-Component Architecture"/>
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  </p>
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- > ⭐ **This survey is actively maintained. If you find it useful, please star the repo to stay updated and help others find it.**
39
 
40
  ---
41
 
42
  > **The agent execution harness — not the model — is the primary determinant of agent reliability at scale.**
43
  > This survey formalizes the harness as a first-class architectural object **H = (E, T, C, S, L, V)**, surveys 110+ papers, blogs and reports across 23 systems, and maps 9 open technical challenges.
44
- > 📄 **[Read the Paper](./Agent_Harness_for_LLM_Agents__A_Survey_v3.pdf)** (Latest version, under review)
45
- > 🌐 **[Preprints Version (v2)](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v2)**
46
  > ✉️ Corrections & suggestions: gloriamenng@gmail.com (Qianyu Meng); wangyanan@mail.dlut.edu.cn (Yanan Wang); chenliyi@xiaohongshu.com (Liyi Chen)
47
 
48
  If you find this survey useful, please cite:
49
 
50
  ```bibtex
51
- @misc{meng2026agentharness,
52
- title = {Agent Harness for Large Language Model Agents: A Survey},
53
- author = {Meng, Qianyu* and Wang, Yanan* and Chen, Liyi and Wang, Qimeng and
54
- Lu, Chengqiang and Wu, Wei and Gao, Yan and Wu, Yi and Hu, Yao},
55
- year = {2026},
56
- doi = {10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v2},
57
- url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v2},
58
- publisher = {Preprints},
59
- note = {* Equal contribution. Under review, latest version available at: https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey}
60
- }
61
  ```
62
 
63
  ---
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ If you find this survey useful, please cite:
67
  - **[2026-04-03]** Initial release
68
  - **[2026-04-07]** Repo updated
69
  - **[2026-04-09]** Preprint released
 
70
 
71
  ---
72
 
@@ -302,6 +304,8 @@ We introduce a formal definition of the **agent execution harness** as a six-com
302
  - <u>ReAct</u>: **"ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"**. *Yao et al.* ICLR 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)] [[Code](https://github.com/ysymyth/ReAct)]
303
  - <u>Toolformer</u>: **"Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools"**. *Schick et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761)]
304
  - <u>AutoGPT</u>: **"Auto-GPT: An Autonomous GPT-4 Experiment"**. *Gravitas et al.* GitHub 2023. [[Code](https://github.com/Significant-Gravitas/AutoGPT)]
 
 
305
  - <u>LangChain</u>: **"LangChain: Building Applications with LLMs through Composability"**. *Chase et al.* GitHub 2022. [[Code](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain)]
306
 
307
  ---
@@ -332,6 +336,11 @@ We introduce a formal definition of the **agent execution harness** as a six-com
332
  #### Frameworks & Modules
333
 
334
  - <u>LangGraph</u>: **"LangGraph: Build Resilient Language Agents as Graphs"**. *LangChain team.* GitHub 2024. [[Code](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph)]
 
 
 
 
 
335
  - <u>MemGPT</u>: **"MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems"**. *Packer et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560)] [[Code](https://github.com/cpacker/MemGPT)]
336
  - <u>Voyager</u>: **"Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16291)] [[Code](https://github.com/MineDojo/Voyager)]
337
  - <u>Reflexion</u>: **"Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning"**. *Shinn et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11366)] [[Code](https://github.com/noahshinn/reflexion)]
@@ -343,6 +352,8 @@ We introduce a formal definition of the **agent execution harness** as a six-com
343
 
344
  #### Evaluation Infrastructure
345
 
 
 
346
  - <u>AgentBench</u>: **"AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents"**. *Liu et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03688)] [[Code](https://github.com/THUDM/AgentBench)]
347
  - <u>SWE-bench</u>: **"SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?"**. *Jimenez et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770)] [[Code](https://github.com/swebench/SWE-bench)]
348
  - <u>OSWorld</u>: **"OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments"**. *Xie et al.* NeurIPS 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07972)] [[Code](https://github.com/xlang-ai/OSWorld)]
@@ -379,8 +390,15 @@ We introduce a formal definition of the **agent execution harness** as a six-com
379
  - <u>SHIELDA</u>†: **"SHIELDA: Structured Handling of Exceptions in LLM-Driven Agentic Workflows"**. *Zhou et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07935)]
380
  - <u>PALADIN</u>†: **"PALADIN: Self-Correcting Language Model Agents to Cure Tool-Failure Cases"**. *Vuddanti et al.* ICLR 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25238)]
381
  - <u>AgentBound</u>†: **"Securing AI Agent Execution"**. *Bühler et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21236)]
 
382
  - <u>AgentSys</u>†: **"AgentSys: Secure and Dynamic LLM Agents Through Explicit Hierarchical Memory Management"**. *Wen et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07398)]
 
 
 
 
383
  - <u>Indirect Prompt Injection</u>: **"Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection"**. *Greshake et al.* AISec 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173)]
 
 
384
  - <u>AgentHarm</u>†: **"AgentHarm: A Benchmark for Measuring Harmfulness of LLM Agents"**. *Andriushchenko et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.09024)]
385
  - <u>TrustAgent</u>: **"TrustAgent: Towards Safe and Trustworthy LLM-Based Agents"**. *Hua et al.* EMNLP 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01586)]
386
  - <u>ToolEmu</u>†: **"Identifying the Risks of LM Agents with an LM-Emulated Sandbox"**. *Ruan et al.* arXiv 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15817)]
@@ -395,6 +413,9 @@ We introduce a formal definition of the **agent execution harness** as a six-com
395
  - <u>Hell or High Water</u>†: **"Hell or High Water: Evaluating Agentic Recovery from External Failures"**. *Wang et al.* COLM 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11027)]
396
  - <u>SearchLLM</u>†: **"Aligning Large Language Models with Searcher Preferences"**. *Wu et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10473)]
397
  - <u>Meta-Harness</u>†: **"Meta-Harness: End-to-End Optimization of Model Harnesses"**. *Lee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.28052)]
 
 
 
398
  - <u>TheAgentCompany</u>†: **"TheAgentCompany: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Consequential Real-World Tasks"**. *Xu et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14161)]
399
  - <u>BrowserGym</u>†: **"The BrowserGym Ecosystem for Web Agent Research"**. *Le Sellier De Chezelles et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05467)]
400
  - <u>WorkArena</u>†: **"WorkArena: How Capable are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?"**. *Drouin et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07718)]
@@ -408,7 +429,7 @@ We introduce a formal definition of the **agent execution harness** as a six-com
408
  > **Key numbers:** MCP (tool↔harness): 2–15ms latency; A2A (agent↔agent): 50–200ms; ACP (intent-level, IBM) — three protocols serve complementary roles.
409
 
410
  - <u>MCP</u>: **"Model Context Protocol"**. *Anthropic.* Technical Report 2024. [[Spec](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)]
411
- - <u>A2A</u>: **"Agent-to-Agent Protocol"**. *Google.* Technical Report 2025. [[Spec](https://google.github.io/A2A/)]
412
  - <u>Protocol Comparison</u>†: **"A Survey of Agent Interoperability Protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP)"**. *Ehtesham et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02279)]
413
  - <u>Gorilla</u>: **"Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs"**. *Patil et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.15334)] [[Code](https://github.com/ShishirPatil/gorilla)]
414
 
@@ -475,6 +496,7 @@ We introduce a formal definition of the **agent execution harness** as a six-com
475
  <img src="assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="Multi-Agent Coordination Topologies"/>
476
  </p>
477
 
 
478
  - <u>SAGA</u>†: **"SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems"**. *Syros et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21034)]
479
  - <u>MAS-FIRE</u>†: **"MAS-FIRE: Fault Injection and Reliability Evaluation for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems"**. *Jia et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19843)]
480
  - <u>Byzantine fault tolerance</u>†: **"Rethinking the Reliability of Multi-agent System: A Perspective from Byzantine Fault Tolerance"**. *Zheng et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10400)]
@@ -488,6 +510,10 @@ We introduce a formal definition of the **agent execution harness** as a six-com
488
 
489
  > **Key numbers:** OpenRouter reports **13T tokens/week** (Feb 2026), doubling every 4 weeks; AgencyBench measures **1M tokens/task** average; 1000× agent compute growth projected by 2027; AIOS achieves **2.1× throughput speedup** via proper agent scheduling.
490
 
 
 
 
 
491
  - <u>Repo2Run</u>†: **"Repo2Run: Automated Building Executable Environment for Code Repository at Scale"**. *Hu et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13681)]
492
  - <u>Policy-First</u>†: **"Guardrails as Infrastructure: Policy-First Control for Tool-Orchestrated Workflows"**. *Sigdel & Baral.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18059)]
493
 
@@ -495,6 +521,9 @@ We introduce a formal definition of the **agent execution harness** as a six-com
495
 
496
  ### Emerging Topics
497
 
 
 
 
498
  - <u>Self-Evolving Agents Survey</u>†: **"A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligence"**. *Gao et al.* TMLR 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21046)]
499
  - <u>Self-RAG</u>: **"Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique Through Self-Reflection"**. *Asai et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11511)]
500
  - <u>Constitutional AI</u>: **"Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback"**. *Bai et al.* arXiv 2022. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073)]
@@ -511,6 +540,14 @@ We introduce a formal definition of the **agent execution harness** as a six-com
511
 
512
  > Production deployment experiences from Stripe, OpenAI, Cursor, METR, and other frontier practitioners.
513
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
514
  - <u>Stripe Minions</u>: **"Minions: Stripe's one-shot, end-to-end coding agents"**. *Gray.* Stripe Dev Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://stripe.dev/blog/minions-stripes-one-shot-end-to-end-coding-agents)]
515
  - <u>Harness Engineering (OpenAI)</u>: **"Harness engineering: leveraging Codex in an agent-first world"**. *Lopopolo.* OpenAI Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://openai.com/index/harness-engineering/)]
516
  - <u>Self-Driving Codebases</u>: **"Towards self-driving codebases"**. *Lin.* Cursor Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://cursor.com/blog/self-driving-codebases)]
@@ -546,6 +583,7 @@ See BibTeX at the top of this README.
546
  | v1 | 2026-04-03 | Initial release |
547
  | v2 | 2026-04-07 | Repo updated |
548
  | v3 | 2026-04-09 | Preprint added |
 
549
  ---
550
 
551
  <p align="center">
@@ -553,4 +591,3 @@ See BibTeX at the top of this README.
553
  <i>This survey is under active development; the full manuscript will be released soon.</i><br>
554
  <i>Maintained by Qianyu Meng & Liyi Chen. PRs welcome for missing papers or updated links.</i>
555
  </p>
556
-
 
26
  [![GitHub Stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey?style=social)](https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/stargazers)
27
  [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-CC--BY--4.0-blue.svg)](LICENSE)
28
  [![Papers](https://img.shields.io/badge/Papers-110%2B-green)]()
29
+ [![Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Version-v3-orange)]()
30
  [![HuggingFace](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97-Dataset-yellow)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GloriaaaM/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey)
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+ [![DOI](https://img.shields.io/badge/DOI-10.20944%2Fpreprints202604.0428.v3-blue)](10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v3)
32
 
33
  </div>
34
 
35
  <p align="center">
36
+ <img src="assets/architecture_diagram.png" width="720" alt="H=(E,T,C,S,L,V) Six-Component Architecture"/>
37
  </p>
38
 
39
+ > ⭐ **This repo is actively maintained. If you find it useful, please star the repo to stay updated and help others find it.**
40
 
41
  ---
42
 
43
  > **The agent execution harness — not the model — is the primary determinant of agent reliability at scale.**
44
  > This survey formalizes the harness as a first-class architectural object **H = (E, T, C, S, L, V)**, surveys 110+ papers, blogs and reports across 23 systems, and maps 9 open technical challenges.
45
+ > 📄 **[Read the Paper](./Agent_Harness_for_LLM_Agents__A_Survey_v3.pdf)**
46
+ > 🌐 **[Preprints Version (v3)](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v3)**
47
  > ✉️ Corrections & suggestions: gloriamenng@gmail.com (Qianyu Meng); wangyanan@mail.dlut.edu.cn (Yanan Wang); chenliyi@xiaohongshu.com (Liyi Chen)
48
 
49
  If you find this survey useful, please cite:
50
 
51
  ```bibtex
52
+ @article{meng2026agentharness,
53
+ title = {Agent Harness for Large Language Model Agents: A Survey},
54
+ author = {Meng, Qianyu and Wang, Yanan and Chen, Liyi and Wu, Wei and
55
+ Li, Yihang and Jiang, Wenyuan and Wang, Qimeng and
56
+ Lu, Chengqiang and Gao, Yan and Wu, Yi and Hu, Yao},
57
+ year = {2026},
58
+ doi = {10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v3},
59
+ url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v3},
60
+ publisher = {Preprints},
61
+ }
62
  ```
63
 
64
  ---
 
68
  - **[2026-04-03]** Initial release
69
  - **[2026-04-07]** Repo updated
70
  - **[2026-04-09]** Preprint released
71
+ - **[2026-04-14]** Citation Updated
72
 
73
  ---
74
 
 
304
  - <u>ReAct</u>: **"ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"**. *Yao et al.* ICLR 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)] [[Code](https://github.com/ysymyth/ReAct)]
305
  - <u>Toolformer</u>: **"Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools"**. *Schick et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761)]
306
  - <u>AutoGPT</u>: **"Auto-GPT: An Autonomous GPT-4 Experiment"**. *Gravitas et al.* GitHub 2023. [[Code](https://github.com/Significant-Gravitas/AutoGPT)]
307
+ - <u>BabyAGI</u>: **"BabyAGI"**. *Nakajima.* GitHub 2023. [[Code](https://github.com/yoheinakajima/babyagi)]
308
+ - <u>HuggingGPT</u>: **"HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and Its Friends in Hugging Face"**. *Shen et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17580)]
309
  - <u>LangChain</u>: **"LangChain: Building Applications with LLMs through Composability"**. *Chase et al.* GitHub 2022. [[Code](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain)]
310
 
311
  ---
 
336
  #### Frameworks & Modules
337
 
338
  - <u>LangGraph</u>: **"LangGraph: Build Resilient Language Agents as Graphs"**. *LangChain team.* GitHub 2024. [[Code](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph)]
339
+ - <u>CrewAI</u>: **"CrewAI: Framework for Orchestrating Role-Playing, Autonomous AI Agents"**. *Moura et al.* GitHub 2024. [[Code](https://github.com/crewAIInc/crewAI)]
340
+ - <u>PydanticAI</u>: **"PydanticAI: Agent Framework for Production-Grade GenAI Applications"**. *Pydantic Team.* GitHub 2024. [[Code](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-ai)]
341
+ - <u>smolagents</u>: **"smolagents: A Smol Library to Build Great Agentic Systems"**. *Roucher et al.* GitHub 2025. [[Code](https://github.com/huggingface/smolagents)]
342
+ - <u>Hermes Agent</u>: **"Hermes Agent: Self-Improving AI Agent Framework"**. *Nous Research.* GitHub 2026. [[Code](https://github.com/nousresearch/hermes-agent)] [[Docs](https://hermes-agent.nousresearch.com/docs/)]
343
+ - <u>AWS Multi-Agent Orchestrator</u>: **"Multi-Agent Orchestrator"**. *Amazon Web Services.* GitHub 2024. [[Code](https://github.com/awslabs/agent-squad)]
344
  - <u>MemGPT</u>: **"MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems"**. *Packer et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560)] [[Code](https://github.com/cpacker/MemGPT)]
345
  - <u>Voyager</u>: **"Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16291)] [[Code](https://github.com/MineDojo/Voyager)]
346
  - <u>Reflexion</u>: **"Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning"**. *Shinn et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11366)] [[Code](https://github.com/noahshinn/reflexion)]
 
352
 
353
  #### Evaluation Infrastructure
354
 
355
+ - <u>lm-evaluation-harness</u>: **"lm-evaluation-harness"**. *Gao et al.* GitHub 2021. [[Code](https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness)]
356
+ - <u>API-Bank</u>: **"Api-bank: A comprehensive benchmark for tool-augmented llms"**. *Li et al.* EMNLP 2023. [[Paper](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.187/)]
357
  - <u>AgentBench</u>: **"AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents"**. *Liu et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03688)] [[Code](https://github.com/THUDM/AgentBench)]
358
  - <u>SWE-bench</u>: **"SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?"**. *Jimenez et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770)] [[Code](https://github.com/swebench/SWE-bench)]
359
  - <u>OSWorld</u>: **"OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments"**. *Xie et al.* NeurIPS 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07972)] [[Code](https://github.com/xlang-ai/OSWorld)]
 
390
  - <u>SHIELDA</u>†: **"SHIELDA: Structured Handling of Exceptions in LLM-Driven Agentic Workflows"**. *Zhou et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07935)]
391
  - <u>PALADIN</u>†: **"PALADIN: Self-Correcting Language Model Agents to Cure Tool-Failure Cases"**. *Vuddanti et al.* ICLR 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25238)]
392
  - <u>AgentBound</u>†: **"Securing AI Agent Execution"**. *Bühler et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21236)]
393
+ - <u>AgentSpec</u>†: **"Agentspec: Customizable runtime enforcement for safe and reliable llm agents"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.18666)]
394
  - <u>AgentSys</u>†: **"AgentSys: Secure and Dynamic LLM Agents Through Explicit Hierarchical Memory Management"**. *Wen et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07398)]
395
+ - <u>Docker</u>: **"Docker: Lightweight Linux Containers for Consistent Development and Deployment"**. *Merkel.* Linux Journal 2014(239). [[Paper](https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/docker-lightweight-linux-containers-consistent-development-and-deployment)]
396
+ - <u>gVisor</u>: **"The True Cost of Containing: A gVisor Case Study"**. *Young et al.* HotCloud '19. [[Paper](https://www.usenix.org/conference/hotcloud19/presentation/young)]
397
+ - <u>Firecracker</u>: **"Firecracker: Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Applications"**. *Agache et al.* NSDI 2020. [[Paper](https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi20/presentation/agache)]
398
+ - <u>WebAssembly</u>: **"Bringing the Web up to Speed with WebAssembly"**. *Haas et al.* PLDI 2017. [[Paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/3062341.3062363)]
399
  - <u>Indirect Prompt Injection</u>: **"Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection"**. *Greshake et al.* AISec 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173)]
400
+ - <u>Misevolution Risks</u>†: **"Your agent may misevolve: Emergent risks in self-evolving llm agents"**. *Shao et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26354)]
401
+ - <u>Security Threat Modeling</u>†: **"Security Threat Modeling for Emerging AI-Agent Protocols: A Comparative Analysis of MCP, A2A, Agora, and ANP"**. *Anbiaee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11327)]
402
  - <u>AgentHarm</u>†: **"AgentHarm: A Benchmark for Measuring Harmfulness of LLM Agents"**. *Andriushchenko et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.09024)]
403
  - <u>TrustAgent</u>: **"TrustAgent: Towards Safe and Trustworthy LLM-Based Agents"**. *Hua et al.* EMNLP 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01586)]
404
  - <u>ToolEmu</u>†: **"Identifying the Risks of LM Agents with an LM-Emulated Sandbox"**. *Ruan et al.* arXiv 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15817)]
 
413
  - <u>Hell or High Water</u>†: **"Hell or High Water: Evaluating Agentic Recovery from External Failures"**. *Wang et al.* COLM 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11027)]
414
  - <u>SearchLLM</u>†: **"Aligning Large Language Models with Searcher Preferences"**. *Wu et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10473)]
415
  - <u>Meta-Harness</u>†: **"Meta-Harness: End-to-End Optimization of Model Harnesses"**. *Lee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.28052)]
416
+ - <u>AutoHarness</u>†: **"AutoHarness: improving LLM agents by automatically synthesizing a code harness"**. *Lou et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03329)]
417
+ - <u>MASEval</u>†: **"MASEval: Extending Multi-Agent Evaluation from Models to Systems"**. *Emde et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.08835)]
418
+ - <u>VeRO</u>†: **"VeRO: An Evaluation Harness for Agents to Optimize Agents"**. *Ursekar et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22480)]
419
  - <u>TheAgentCompany</u>†: **"TheAgentCompany: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Consequential Real-World Tasks"**. *Xu et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14161)]
420
  - <u>BrowserGym</u>†: **"The BrowserGym Ecosystem for Web Agent Research"**. *Le Sellier De Chezelles et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05467)]
421
  - <u>WorkArena</u>†: **"WorkArena: How Capable are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?"**. *Drouin et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07718)]
 
429
  > **Key numbers:** MCP (tool↔harness): 2–15ms latency; A2A (agent↔agent): 50–200ms; ACP (intent-level, IBM) — three protocols serve complementary roles.
430
 
431
  - <u>MCP</u>: **"Model Context Protocol"**. *Anthropic.* Technical Report 2024. [[Spec](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)]
432
+ - <u>A2A</u>: **"Agent-to-Agent Protocol"**. *Google.* Technical Report 2025. [[Spec](https://google.github.io/A2A/)] [[Announcement](https://developers.googleblog.com/en/a2a-a-new-era-of-agent-interoperability/)]
433
  - <u>Protocol Comparison</u>†: **"A Survey of Agent Interoperability Protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP)"**. *Ehtesham et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02279)]
434
  - <u>Gorilla</u>: **"Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs"**. *Patil et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.15334)] [[Code](https://github.com/ShishirPatil/gorilla)]
435
 
 
496
  <img src="assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="Multi-Agent Coordination Topologies"/>
497
  </p>
498
 
499
+ - <u>AdaptOrch</u>†: **"AdaptOrch: Task-Adaptive Multi-Agent Orchestration in the Era of LLM Performance Convergence"**. *Yu.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.16873)]
500
  - <u>SAGA</u>†: **"SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems"**. *Syros et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21034)]
501
  - <u>MAS-FIRE</u>†: **"MAS-FIRE: Fault Injection and Reliability Evaluation for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems"**. *Jia et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19843)]
502
  - <u>Byzantine fault tolerance</u>†: **"Rethinking the Reliability of Multi-agent System: A Perspective from Byzantine Fault Tolerance"**. *Zheng et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10400)]
 
510
 
511
  > **Key numbers:** OpenRouter reports **13T tokens/week** (Feb 2026), doubling every 4 weeks; AgencyBench measures **1M tokens/task** average; 1000× agent compute growth projected by 2027; AIOS achieves **2.1× throughput speedup** via proper agent scheduling.
512
 
513
+ - <u>State of AI Report</u>: **"State of AI: An Empirical 100 Trillion Token Study with OpenRouter"**. *Aubakirova et al.* Andreessen Horowitz (a16z) and OpenRouter Inc., December 2025. [[Report](https://openrouter.ai/state-of-ai)]
514
+ - <u>BentoML Inference Report</u>: **"Beyond Tokens-per-Second: How to Balance Speed, Cost, and Quality in LLM Inference"**. *Yang.* BentoML Blog, January 2026. [[Blog](https://www.bentoml.com/blog/beyond-tokens-per-second-how-to-balance-speed-cost-and-quality-in-llm-inference)]
515
+ - <u>H100 Price Spike</u>: **"H100 Price Spike: Understanding the 10% Surge in GPU Rental Costs"**. *Li.* Silicon Data Blog, January 2026. [[Blog](https://www.silicondata.com/blog/h100-price-spike)]
516
+ - <u>NVIDIA GTC 2026</u>: **"NVIDIA GTC 2026: Live Updates on What's Next in AI"**. *NVIDIA.* NVIDIA Blog, March 2026. [[Blog](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/gtc-2026-news/)]
517
  - <u>Repo2Run</u>†: **"Repo2Run: Automated Building Executable Environment for Code Repository at Scale"**. *Hu et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13681)]
518
  - <u>Policy-First</u>†: **"Guardrails as Infrastructure: Policy-First Control for Tool-Orchestrated Workflows"**. *Sigdel & Baral.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18059)]
519
 
 
521
 
522
  ### Emerging Topics
523
 
524
+ - <u>Harness Engineering for Language Agents</u>†: **"Harness Engineering for Language Agents: The Harness Layer as Control, Agency, and Runtime"**. *He et al.* Preprints 2026. [[Paper](https://www.preprints.org)]
525
+ - <u>DeepAgent</u>†: **"Deepagent: A general reasoning agent with scalable toolsets"**. *Li et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21618)]
526
+ - <u>Natural-Language Harnesses</u>†: **"Natural-Language Agent Harnesses"**. *Pan et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.25723)]
527
  - <u>Self-Evolving Agents Survey</u>†: **"A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligence"**. *Gao et al.* TMLR 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21046)]
528
  - <u>Self-RAG</u>: **"Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique Through Self-Reflection"**. *Asai et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11511)]
529
  - <u>Constitutional AI</u>: **"Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback"**. *Bai et al.* arXiv 2022. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073)]
 
540
 
541
  > Production deployment experiences from Stripe, OpenAI, Cursor, METR, and other frontier practitioners.
542
 
543
+ - <u>Building Effective Agents</u>: **"Building Effective Agents"**. *Anthropic.* Anthropic Engineering Blog, 2026. [[Blog](https://www.anthropic.com/engineering)]
544
+ - <u>Demystifying Evals</u>: **"Demystifying Evals for AI Agents"**. *Anthropic.* Anthropic Engineering Blog, 2026. [[Blog](https://www.anthropic.com/engineering)]
545
+ - <u>Context Engineering</u>: **"Context Engineering Our Way to Long-Horizon Agents"**. *Chase.* Sequoia Capital Podcast, 2026.
546
+ - <u>Agent Frameworks, Runtimes, and Harnesses</u>: **"Agent Frameworks, Runtimes, and Harnesses"**. *LangChain.* LangChain Blog, 2025. [[Blog](https://blog.langchain.com/agent-frameworks-runtimes-and-harnesses-oh-my/)]
547
+ - <u>We Removed 80% of Our Agent's Tools</u>: **"We Removed 80% of Our Agent's Tools"**. *Qu.* Vercel Engineering Blog, 2025. [[Blog](https://vercel.com/blog/we-removed-80-percent-of-our-agents-tools)]
548
+ - <u>Harness Problem</u>: **"I Improved 15 LLMs at Coding in One Afternoon. Only the Harness Changed."**. *Can.* Personal blog (blog.can.ac), February 2026. [[Blog](https://blog.can.ac/2026/02/12/the-harness-problem/)]
549
+ - <u>AI Adoption Journey</u>: **"My AI Adoption Journey"**. *Hashimoto.* Personal blog, February 2026. [[Blog](https://mitchellh.com/writing/my-ai-adoption-journey)]
550
+ - <u>The Harness Gap</u>: **"The Harness Gap: AI Coding Output Rose 59% in 2025 While Teams Shipped 7% Less"**. *Zoom In AI.* Medium (Write A Catalyst), March 2026. [[Blog](https://medium.com/write-a-catalyst/the-harness-gap-ai-coding-output-rose-59-in-2025-while-teams-shipped-7-less-082d3d07cff8)]
551
  - <u>Stripe Minions</u>: **"Minions: Stripe's one-shot, end-to-end coding agents"**. *Gray.* Stripe Dev Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://stripe.dev/blog/minions-stripes-one-shot-end-to-end-coding-agents)]
552
  - <u>Harness Engineering (OpenAI)</u>: **"Harness engineering: leveraging Codex in an agent-first world"**. *Lopopolo.* OpenAI Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://openai.com/index/harness-engineering/)]
553
  - <u>Self-Driving Codebases</u>: **"Towards self-driving codebases"**. *Lin.* Cursor Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://cursor.com/blog/self-driving-codebases)]
 
583
  | v1 | 2026-04-03 | Initial release |
584
  | v2 | 2026-04-07 | Repo updated |
585
  | v3 | 2026-04-09 | Preprint added |
586
+ | v4 | 2026-04-14 | Citation Updated |
587
  ---
588
 
589
  <p align="center">
 
591
  <i>This survey is under active development; the full manuscript will be released soon.</i><br>
592
  <i>Maintained by Qianyu Meng & Liyi Chen. PRs welcome for missing papers or updated links.</i>
593
  </p>
 
README_zh.md CHANGED
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ size_categories:
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26
  [![GitHub Stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey?style=social)](https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/stargazers)
27
  [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-CC--BY--4.0-blue.svg)](LICENSE)
28
- [![Papers](https://img.shields.io/badge/Papers-110%2B-green)]()
29
- [![Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Version-v2-orange)]()
30
  [![HuggingFace](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97-Dataset-yellow)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GloriaaaM/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey)
31
- [![DOI](https://img.shields.io/badge/DOI-10.20944%2Fpreprints202604.0428.v2-blue)](https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v2)
32
 
33
  </div>
34
 
@@ -36,8 +36,7 @@ size_categories:
36
  <img src="assets/architecture_diagram.png" width="720" alt="H=(E,T,C,S,L,V) 六组件架构"/>
37
  </p>
38
 
39
-
40
- > ⭐ **本 survey 持续更新中。如果对你有帮助,欢迎 Star 关注最新进展,也帮助更多人发现它。**
41
 
42
  ---
43
 
@@ -50,16 +49,16 @@ size_categories:
50
  如果本综述对您有所帮助,请引用:
51
 
52
  ```bibtex
53
- @article{meng2026agentharness,
54
- title = {Agent Harness for Large Language Model Agents: A Survey},
55
- author = {Meng, Qianyu* and Wang, Yanan* and Chen, Liyi and Wang, Qimeng and
56
- Lu, Chengqiang and Wu, Wei and Gao, Yan and Wu, Yi and Hu, Yao},
57
- year = {2026},
58
- doi = {10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v2},
59
- url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v2},
60
- publisher = {Preprints},
61
- note = {* Equal contribution. Under review, latest version available at: https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey}
62
- }
63
  ```
64
 
65
  ---
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ size_categories:
69
  - **[2026-04-03]** 首次发布
70
  - **[2026-04-07]** 仓库更新
71
  - **[2026-04-07]** 预印本索引
72
-
73
  ---
74
 
75
  ## 目录
@@ -304,6 +303,8 @@ size_categories:
304
  - <u>ReAct</u>: **"ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"**. *Yao et al.* ICLR 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)] [[代码](https://github.com/ysymyth/ReAct)]
305
  - <u>Toolformer</u>: **"Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools"**. *Schick et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761)]
306
  - <u>AutoGPT</u>: **"Auto-GPT: An Autonomous GPT-4 Experiment"**. *Gravitas et al.* GitHub 2023. [[代码](https://github.com/Significant-Gravitas/AutoGPT)]
 
 
307
  - <u>LangChain</u>: **"LangChain: Building Applications with LLMs through Composability"**. *Chase et al.* GitHub 2022. [[代码](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain)]
308
 
309
  ---
@@ -334,6 +335,11 @@ size_categories:
334
  #### 框架与模块
335
 
336
  - <u>LangGraph</u>: **"LangGraph: Build Resilient Language Agents as Graphs"**. *LangChain team.* GitHub 2024. [[代码](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph)]
 
 
 
 
 
337
  - <u>MemGPT</u>: **"MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems"**. *Packer et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560)] [[代码](https://github.com/cpacker/MemGPT)]
338
  - <u>Voyager</u>: **"Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16291)] [[代码](https://github.com/MineDojo/Voyager)]
339
  - <u>Reflexion</u>: **"Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning"**. *Shinn et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11366)] [[代码](https://github.com/noahshinn/reflexion)]
@@ -345,6 +351,8 @@ size_categories:
345
 
346
  #### 评估基础设施
347
 
 
 
348
  - <u>AgentBench</u>: **"AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents"**. *Liu et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03688)] [[代码](https://github.com/THUDM/AgentBench)]
349
  - <u>SWE-bench</u>: **"SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?"**. *Jimenez et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770)] [[代码](https://github.com/swebench/SWE-bench)]
350
  - <u>OSWorld</u>: **"OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments"**. *Xie et al.* NeurIPS 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07972)] [[代码](https://github.com/xlang-ai/OSWorld)]
@@ -374,19 +382,26 @@ size_categories:
374
 
375
  > **关键数据:**SandboxEscapeBench——前沿LLM达到**15–35%容器逃逸率**;PRISM——10个钩子的零分叉运行时将逃逸降至接近零,开销<5ms。
376
 
377
- - <u>SandboxEscapeBench</u>†: **"Quantifying Frontier LLM Capabilities for Container Sandbox Escape"**. *Marchand et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.02277)]
378
- - <u>InjecAgent</u>: **"InjecAgent: Benchmarking Indirect Prompt Injections in Tool-Integrated Large Language Model Agents"**. *Zhan et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.02691)]
379
- - <u>ToolHijacker</u>†: **"Prompt Injection Attack to Tool Selection in LLM Agents"**. *Shi et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.19793)]
380
- - <u>Securing MCP</u>†: **"Securing the Model Context Protocol (MCP): Risks, Controls, and Governance"**. *Errico et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.20920)]
381
- - <u>SHIELDA</u>†: **"SHIELDA: Structured Handling of Exceptions in LLM-Driven Agentic Workflows"**. *Zhou et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07935)]
382
- - <u>PALADIN</u>†: **"PALADIN: Self-Correcting Language Model Agents to Cure Tool-Failure Cases"**. *Vuddanti et al.* ICLR 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25238)]
383
- - <u>AgentBound</u>†: **"Securing AI Agent Execution"**. *Bühler et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21236)]
384
- - <u>AgentSys</u>†: **"AgentSys: Secure and Dynamic LLM Agents Through Explicit Hierarchical Memory Management"**. *Wen et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07398)]
385
- - <u>Indirect Prompt Injection</u>: **"Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection"**. *Greshake et al.* AISec 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173)]
386
- - <u>AgentHarm</u>: **"AgentHarm: A Benchmark for Measuring Harmfulness of LLM Agents"**. *Andriushchenko et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.09024)]
387
- - <u>TrustAgent</u>: **"TrustAgent: Towards Safe and Trustworthy LLM-Based Agents"**. *Hua et al.* EMNLP 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01586)]
388
- - <u>ToolEmu</u>: **"Identifying the Risks of LM Agents with an LM-Emulated Sandbox"**. *Ruan et al.* arXiv 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15817)]
389
- - <u>Ignore Previous Prompt</u>: **"Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Models"**. *Perez & Ribeiro.* NeurIPS ML Safety Workshop 2022. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.09527)]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
390
 
391
  #### 评估与基准测试
392
 
@@ -397,6 +412,9 @@ size_categories:
397
  - <u>Hell or High Water</u>†: **"Hell or High Water: Evaluating Agentic Recovery from External Failures"**. *Wang et al.* COLM 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11027)]
398
  - <u>SearchLLM</u>†: **"Aligning Large Language Models with Searcher Preferences"**. *Wu et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10473)]
399
  - <u>Meta-Harness</u>†: **"Meta-Harness: End-to-End Optimization of Model Harnesses"**. *Lee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.28052)]
 
 
 
400
  - <u>TheAgentCompany</u>†: **"TheAgentCompany: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Consequential Real-World Tasks"**. *Xu et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14161)]
401
  - <u>BrowserGym</u>†: **"The BrowserGym Ecosystem for Web Agent Research"**. *Le Sellier De Chezelles et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05467)]
402
  - <u>WorkArena</u>†: **"WorkArena: How Capable are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?"**. *Drouin et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07718)]
@@ -410,8 +428,8 @@ size_categories:
410
  > **关键数据:**MCP(工具↔约束工程):2–15ms延迟;A2A(智能体↔智能体):50–200ms;ACP(意图级,IBM)——三种协议服务于互补角色。
411
 
412
  - <u>MCP</u>: **"Model Context Protocol"**. *Anthropic.* Technical Report 2024. [[Spec](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)]
413
- - <u>A2A</u>: **"Agent-to-Agent Protocol"**. *Google.* Technical Report 2025. [[Spec](https://google.github.io/A2A/)]
414
- - <u>Protocol Comparison</u>†: **"A Survey of Agent Interoperability Protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP)"**. *Ehtesham et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02279)]
415
  - <u>Gorilla</u>: **"Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs"**. *Patil et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.15334)] [[Code](https://github.com/ShishirPatil/gorilla)]
416
 
417
  #### 运行时上下文管理
@@ -478,6 +496,7 @@ size_categories:
478
  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/main/assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="多智能体协同拓扑"/>
479
  </p>
480
 
 
481
  - <u>SAGA</u>†: **"SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems"**. *Syros et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21034)]
482
  - <u>MAS-FIRE</u>†: **"MAS-FIRE: Fault Injection and Reliability Evaluation for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems"**. *Jia et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19843)]
483
  - <u>Byzantine fault tolerance</u>†: **"Rethinking the Reliability of Multi-agent System: A Perspective from Byzantine Fault Tolerance"**. *Zheng et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10400)]
@@ -491,6 +510,10 @@ size_categories:
491
 
492
  > **关键数据:**OpenRouter 报告**每周13T tokens**(2026年2月),每4周翻倍;AgencyBench 测量平均**1M tokens/任务**;预计2027年智能体计算量增长1000倍;AIOS 通过恰当的智能体调度实现**2.1×吞吐加速**。
493
 
 
 
 
 
494
  - <u>Repo2Run</u>†: **"Repo2Run: Automated Building Executable Environment for Code Repository at Scale"**. *Hu et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13681)]
495
  - <u>Policy-First</u>†: **"Guardrails as Infrastructure: Policy-First Control for Tool-Orchestrated Workflows"**. *Sigdel & Baral.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18059)]
496
 
@@ -498,10 +521,13 @@ size_categories:
498
 
499
  ### 新兴主题
500
 
501
- - <u>Self-Evolving Agents Survey</u>†: **"A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligence"**. *Gao et al.* TMLR 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21046)]
502
- - <u>Self-RAG</u>: **"Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique Through Self-Reflection"**. *Asai et al.* ICLR 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11511)]
503
- - <u>Constitutional AI</u>: **"Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback"**. *Bai et al.* arXiv 2022. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073)]
504
- - <u>AppAgent</u>†: **"AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Users"**. *Zhang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13771)]
 
 
 
505
 
506
  #### 相关综述
507
 
@@ -514,10 +540,18 @@ size_categories:
514
 
515
  > 来自 Stripe、OpenAI、Cursor、METR 及其他前沿实践者的生产部署经验。
516
 
517
- - <u>Stripe Minions</u>: **"Minions: Stripe's one-shot, end-to-end coding agents"**. *Gray.* Stripe Dev Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://stripe.dev/blog/minions-stripes-one-shot-end-to-end-coding-agents)]
518
- - <u>Harness Engineering (OpenAI)</u>: **"Harness engineering: leveraging Codex in an agent-first world"**. *Lopopolo.* OpenAI Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://openai.com/index/harness-engineering/)]
519
- - <u>Self-Driving Codebases</u>: **"Towards self-driving codebases"**. *Lin.* Cursor Blog, Feb 2026. [[Blog](https://cursor.com/blog/self-driving-codebases)]
520
- - <u>METR SWE-bench Analysis</u>: **"Many SWE-bench-Passing PRs Would Not Be Merged into Main"**. *Whitfill et al.* METR Notes, Mar 2026. [[Report](https://metr.org/notes/2026-03-10-many-swe-bench-passing-prs-would-not-be-merged-into-main/)]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
521
 
522
  ---
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@@ -549,6 +583,7 @@ size_categories:
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  | v1 | 2026-04-03 | 首次预印本 |
550
  | v2 | 2026-04-07 | 仓库更新 |
551
  | v3 | 2026-04-09 | 预印本索引 |
 
552
 
553
  ---
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25
 
26
  [![GitHub Stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey?style=social)](https://github.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/stargazers)
27
  [![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-CC--BY--4.0-blue.svg)](LICENSE)
28
+ [![Papers](https://img.shields.io/badge/Papers-150%2B-green)]()
29
+ [![Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Version-v3-orange)]()
30
  [![HuggingFace](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97-Dataset-yellow)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GloriaaaM/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey)
31
+ [![DOI](https://img.shields.io/badge/DOI-10.20944%2Fpreprints202604.0428.v3-blue)](10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v3)
32
 
33
  </div>
34
 
 
36
  <img src="assets/architecture_diagram.png" width="720" alt="H=(E,T,C,S,L,V) 六组件架构"/>
37
  </p>
38
 
39
+ > ⭐ **本仓库持续更新中。如果对你有帮助,欢迎 Star 关注最新进展,也帮助更多人发现它。**
 
40
 
41
  ---
42
 
 
49
  如果本综述对您有所帮助,请引用:
50
 
51
  ```bibtex
52
+ @article{meng2026agentharness,
53
+ title = {Agent Harness for Large Language Model Agents: A Survey},
54
+ author = {Meng, Qianyu and Wang, Yanan and Chen, Liyi and Wu, Wei and
55
+ Li, Yihang and Jiang, Wenyuan and Wang, Qimeng and
56
+ Lu, Chengqiang and Gao, Yan and Wu, Yi and Hu, Yao},
57
+ year = {2026},
58
+ doi = {10.20944/preprints202604.0428.v3},
59
+ url = {https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202604.0428/v3},
60
+ publisher = {Preprints},
61
+ }
62
  ```
63
 
64
  ---
 
68
  - **[2026-04-03]** 首次发布
69
  - **[2026-04-07]** 仓库更新
70
  - **[2026-04-07]** 预印本索引
71
+ - **[2026-04-14]** 引用更新
72
  ---
73
 
74
  ## 目录
 
303
  - <u>ReAct</u>: **"ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models"**. *Yao et al.* ICLR 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.03629)] [[代码](https://github.com/ysymyth/ReAct)]
304
  - <u>Toolformer</u>: **"Toolformer: Language Models Can Teach Themselves to Use Tools"**. *Schick et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04761)]
305
  - <u>AutoGPT</u>: **"Auto-GPT: An Autonomous GPT-4 Experiment"**. *Gravitas et al.* GitHub 2023. [[代码](https://github.com/Significant-Gravitas/AutoGPT)]
306
+ - <u>BabyAGI</u>: **"BabyAGI"**. *Nakajima.* GitHub 2023. [[代码](https://github.com/yoheinakajima/babyagi)]
307
+ - <u>HuggingGPT</u>: **"HuggingGPT: Solving AI Tasks with ChatGPT and Its Friends in Hugging Face"**. *Shen et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.17580)]
308
  - <u>LangChain</u>: **"LangChain: Building Applications with LLMs through Composability"**. *Chase et al.* GitHub 2022. [[代码](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain)]
309
 
310
  ---
 
335
  #### 框架与模块
336
 
337
  - <u>LangGraph</u>: **"LangGraph: Build Resilient Language Agents as Graphs"**. *LangChain team.* GitHub 2024. [[代码](https://github.com/langchain-ai/langgraph)]
338
+ - <u>CrewAI</u>: **"CrewAI: Framework for Orchestrating Role-Playing, Autonomous AI Agents"**. *Moura et al.* GitHub 2024. [[代码](https://github.com/crewAIInc/crewAI)]
339
+ - <u>PydanticAI</u>: **"PydanticAI: Agent Framework for Production-Grade GenAI Applications"**. *Pydantic Team.* GitHub 2024. [[代码](https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-ai)]
340
+ - <u>smolagents</u>: **"smolagents: A Smol Library to Build Great Agentic Systems"**. *Roucher et al.* GitHub 2025. [[代码](https://github.com/huggingface/smolagents)]
341
+ - <u>Hermes Agent</u>: **"Hermes Agent: Self-Improving AI Agent Framework"**. *Nous Research.* GitHub 2026. [[代码](https://github.com/nousresearch/hermes-agent)] [[文档](https://hermes-agent.nousresearch.com/docs/)]
342
+ - <u>AWS Multi-Agent Orchestrator</u>: **"Multi-Agent Orchestrator"**. *Amazon Web Services.* GitHub 2024. [[代码](https://github.com/awslabs/agent-squad)]
343
  - <u>MemGPT</u>: **"MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems"**. *Packer et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08560)] [[代码](https://github.com/cpacker/MemGPT)]
344
  - <u>Voyager</u>: **"Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16291)] [[代码](https://github.com/MineDojo/Voyager)]
345
  - <u>Reflexion</u>: **"Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning"**. *Shinn et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11366)] [[代码](https://github.com/noahshinn/reflexion)]
 
351
 
352
  #### 评估基础设施
353
 
354
+ - <u>lm-evaluation-harness</u>: **"lm-evaluation-harness"**. *Gao et al.* GitHub 2021. [[代码](https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness)]
355
+ - <u>API-Bank</u>: **"Api-bank: A comprehensive benchmark for tool-augmented llms"**. *Li et al.* EMNLP 2023. [[论文](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.187/)]
356
  - <u>AgentBench</u>: **"AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents"**. *Liu et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.03688)] [[代码](https://github.com/THUDM/AgentBench)]
357
  - <u>SWE-bench</u>: **"SWE-bench: Can Language Models Resolve Real-World GitHub Issues?"**. *Jimenez et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.06770)] [[代码](https://github.com/swebench/SWE-bench)]
358
  - <u>OSWorld</u>: **"OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments"**. *Xie et al.* NeurIPS 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.07972)] [[代码](https://github.com/xlang-ai/OSWorld)]
 
382
 
383
  > **关键数据:**SandboxEscapeBench——前沿LLM达到**15–35%容器逃逸率**;PRISM——10个钩子的零分叉运行时将逃逸降至接近零,开销<5ms。
384
 
385
+ - <u>SandboxEscapeBench</u>†: **"Quantifying Frontier LLM Capabilities for Container Sandbox Escape"**. *Marchand et al.* arXiv 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.02277)]
386
+ - <u>InjecAgent</u>: **"InjecAgent: Benchmarking Indirect Prompt Injections in Tool-Integrated Large Language Model Agents"**. *Zhan et al.* arXiv 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.02691)]
387
+ - <u>ToolHijacker</u>†: **"Prompt Injection Attack to Tool Selection in LLM Agents"**. *Shi et al.* NDSS 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.19793)]
388
+ - <u>Securing MCP</u>†: **"Securing the Model Context Protocol (MCP): Risks, Controls, and Governance"**. *Errico et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.20920)]
389
+ - <u>SHIELDA</u>†: **"SHIELDA: Structured Handling of Exceptions in LLM-Driven Agentic Workflows"**. *Zhou et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.07935)]
390
+ - <u>PALADIN</u>†: **"PALADIN: Self-Correcting Language Model Agents to Cure Tool-Failure Cases"**. *Vuddanti et al.* ICLR 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25238)]
391
+ - <u>AgentBound</u>†: **"Securing AI Agent Execution"**. *Bühler et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21236)]
392
+ - <u>AgentSpec</u>†: **"Agentspec: Customizable runtime enforcement for safe and reliable llm agents"**. *Wang et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.18666)]
393
+ - <u>AgentSys</u>: **"AgentSys: Secure and Dynamic LLM Agents Through Explicit Hierarchical Memory Management"**. *Wen et al.* arXiv 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.07398)]
394
+ - <u>Docker</u>: **"Docker: Lightweight Linux Containers for Consistent Development and Deployment"**. *Merkel.* Linux Journal 2014(239). [[论文](https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/docker-lightweight-linux-containers-consistent-development-and-deployment)]
395
+ - <u>gVisor</u>: **"The True Cost of Containing: A gVisor Case Study"**. *Young et al.* HotCloud '19. [[论文](https://www.usenix.org/conference/hotcloud19/presentation/young)]
396
+ - <u>Firecracker</u>: **"Firecracker: Lightweight Virtualization for Serverless Applications"**. *Agache et al.* NSDI 2020. [[论文](https://www.usenix.org/conference/nsdi20/presentation/agache)]
397
+ - <u>WebAssembly</u>: **"Bringing the Web up to Speed with WebAssembly"**. *Haas et al.* PLDI 2017. [[论文](https://doi.org/10.1145/3062341.3062363)]
398
+ - <u>Indirect Prompt Injection</u>: **"Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection"**. *Greshake et al.* AISec 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173)]
399
+ - <u>Misevolution Risks</u>†: **"Your agent may misevolve: Emergent risks in self-evolving llm agents"**. *Shao et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.26354)]
400
+ - <u>Security Threat Modeling</u>†: **"Security Threat Modeling for Emerging AI-Agent Protocols: A Comparative Analysis of MCP, A2A, Agora, and ANP"**. *Anbiaee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11327)]
401
+ - <u>AgentHarm</u>†: **"AgentHarm: A Benchmark for Measuring Harmfulness of LLM Agents"**. *Andriushchenko et al.* arXiv 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.09024)]
402
+ - <u>TrustAgent</u>: **"TrustAgent: Towards Safe and Trustworthy LLM-Based Agents"**. *Hua et al.* EMNLP 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.01586)]
403
+ - <u>ToolEmu</u>†: **"Identifying the Risks of LM Agents with an LM-Emulated Sandbox"**. *Ruan et al.* arXiv 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15817)]
404
+ - <u>Ignore Previous Prompt</u>: **"Ignore Previous Prompt: Attack Techniques For Language Models"**. *Perez & Ribeiro.* NeurIPS ML Safety Workshop 2022. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2211.09527)]
405
 
406
  #### 评估与基准测试
407
 
 
412
  - <u>Hell or High Water</u>†: **"Hell or High Water: Evaluating Agentic Recovery from External Failures"**. *Wang et al.* COLM 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.11027)]
413
  - <u>SearchLLM</u>†: **"Aligning Large Language Models with Searcher Preferences"**. *Wu et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.10473)]
414
  - <u>Meta-Harness</u>†: **"Meta-Harness: End-to-End Optimization of Model Harnesses"**. *Lee et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.28052)]
415
+ - <u>AutoHarness</u>†: **"AutoHarness: improving LLM agents by automatically synthesizing a code harness"**. *Lou et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.03329)]
416
+ - <u>MASEval</u>†: **"MASEval: Extending Multi-Agent Evaluation from Models to Systems"**. *Emde et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.08835)]
417
+ - <u>VeRO</u>†: **"VeRO: An Evaluation Harness for Agents to Optimize Agents"**. *Ursekar et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22480)]
418
  - <u>TheAgentCompany</u>†: **"TheAgentCompany: Benchmarking LLM Agents on Consequential Real-World Tasks"**. *Xu et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.14161)]
419
  - <u>BrowserGym</u>†: **"The BrowserGym Ecosystem for Web Agent Research"**. *Le Sellier De Chezelles et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2412.05467)]
420
  - <u>WorkArena</u>†: **"WorkArena: How Capable are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?"**. *Drouin et al.* arXiv 2024. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07718)]
 
428
  > **关键数据:**MCP(工具↔约束工程):2–15ms延迟;A2A(智能体↔智能体):50–200ms;ACP(意图级,IBM)——三种协议服务于互补角色。
429
 
430
  - <u>MCP</u>: **"Model Context Protocol"**. *Anthropic.* Technical Report 2024. [[Spec](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)]
431
+ - <u>A2A</u>: **"Agent-to-Agent Protocol"**. *Google.* Technical Report 2025. [[规范](https://google.github.io/A2A/)] [[公告](https://developers.googleblog.com/en/a2a-a-new-era-of-agent-interoperability/)]
432
+ - <u>Protocol Comparison</u>†: **"A Survey of Agent Interoperability Protocols: Model Context Protocol (MCP), Agent Communication Protocol (ACP), Agent-to-Agent Protocol (A2A), and Agent Network Protocol (ANP)"**. *Ehtesham et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02279)]
433
  - <u>Gorilla</u>: **"Gorilla: Large Language Model Connected with Massive APIs"**. *Patil et al.* NeurIPS 2023. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.15334)] [[Code](https://github.com/ShishirPatil/gorilla)]
434
 
435
  #### 运行时上下文管理
 
496
  <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Gloriaameng/LLM-Agent-Harness-Survey/main/assets/multi_agent_topology.png" width="680" alt="多智能体协同拓扑"/>
497
  </p>
498
 
499
+ - <u>AdaptOrch</u>†: **"AdaptOrch: Task-Adaptive Multi-Agent Orchestration in the Era of LLM Performance Convergence"**. *Yu.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.16873)]
500
  - <u>SAGA</u>†: **"SAGA: A Security Architecture for Governing AI Agentic Systems"**. *Syros et al.* NDSS 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.21034)]
501
  - <u>MAS-FIRE</u>†: **"MAS-FIRE: Fault Injection and Reliability Evaluation for LLM-Based Multi-Agent Systems"**. *Jia et al.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.19843)]
502
  - <u>Byzantine fault tolerance</u>†: **"Rethinking the Reliability of Multi-agent System: A Perspective from Byzantine Fault Tolerance"**. *Zheng et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.10400)]
 
510
 
511
  > **关键数据:**OpenRouter 报告**每周13T tokens**(2026年2月),每4周翻倍;AgencyBench 测量平均**1M tokens/任务**;预计2027年智能体计算量增长1000倍;AIOS 通过恰当的智能体调度实现**2.1×吞吐加速**。
512
 
513
+ - <u>State of AI Report</u>: **"State of AI: An Empirical 100 Trillion Token Study with OpenRouter"**. *Aubakirova et al.* Andreessen Horowitz (a16z) and OpenRouter Inc., December 2025. [[报告](https://openrouter.ai/state-of-ai)]
514
+ - <u>BentoML Inference Report</u>: **"Beyond Tokens-per-Second: How to Balance Speed, Cost, and Quality in LLM Inference"**. *Yang.* BentoML Blog, January 2026. [[博客](https://www.bentoml.com/blog/beyond-tokens-per-second-how-to-balance-speed-cost-and-quality-in-llm-inference)]
515
+ - <u>H100 Price Spike</u>: **"H100 Price Spike: Understanding the 10% Surge in GPU Rental Costs"**. *Li.* Silicon Data Blog, January 2026. [[博客](https://www.silicondata.com/blog/h100-price-spike)]
516
+ - <u>NVIDIA GTC 2026</u>: **"NVIDIA GTC 2026: Live Updates on What's Next in AI"**. *NVIDIA.* NVIDIA Blog, March 2026. [[博客](https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/gtc-2026-news/)]
517
  - <u>Repo2Run</u>†: **"Repo2Run: Automated Building Executable Environment for Code Repository at Scale"**. *Hu et al.* arXiv 2025. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13681)]
518
  - <u>Policy-First</u>†: **"Guardrails as Infrastructure: Policy-First Control for Tool-Orchestrated Workflows"**. *Sigdel & Baral.* arXiv 2026. [[Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18059)]
519
 
 
521
 
522
  ### 新兴主题
523
 
524
+ - <u>Harness Engineering for Language Agents</u>†: **"Harness Engineering for Language Agents: The Harness Layer as Control, Agency, and Runtime"**. *He et al.* Preprints 2026. [[论文](https://www.preprints.org)]
525
+ - <u>DeepAgent</u>: **"Deepagent: A general reasoning agent with scalable toolsets"**. *Li et al.* arXiv 2025. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21618)]
526
+ - <u>Natural-Language Harnesses</u>: **"Natural-Language Agent Harnesses"**. *Pan et al.* arXiv 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.25723)]
527
+ - <u>Self-Evolving Agents Survey</u>†: **"A Survey of Self-Evolving Agents: What, When, How, and Where to Evolve on the Path to Artificial Super Intelligence"**. *Gao et al.* TMLR 2026. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21046)]
528
+ - <u>Self-RAG</u>: **"Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique Through Self-Reflection"**. *Asai et al.* ICLR 2024. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11511)]
529
+ - <u>Constitutional AI</u>: **"Constitutional AI: Harmlessness from AI Feedback"**. *Bai et al.* arXiv 2022. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073)]
530
+ - <u>AppAgent</u>†: **"AppAgent: Multimodal Agents as Smartphone Users"**. *Zhang et al.* arXiv 2023. [[论文](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.13771)]
531
 
532
  #### 相关综述
533
 
 
540
 
541
  > 来自 Stripe、OpenAI、Cursor、METR 及其他前沿实践者的生产部署经验。
542
 
543
+ - <u>Building Effective Agents</u>: **"Building Effective Agents"**. *Anthropic.* Anthropic Engineering Blog, 2026. [[博客](https://www.anthropic.com/engineering)]
544
+ - <u>Demystifying Evals</u>: **"Demystifying Evals for AI Agents"**. *Anthropic.* Anthropic Engineering Blog, 2026. [[博客](https://www.anthropic.com/engineering)]
545
+ - <u>Context Engineering</u>: **"Context Engineering Our Way to Long-Horizon Agents"**. *Chase.* Sequoia Capital Podcast, 2026.
546
+ - <u>Agent Frameworks, Runtimes, and Harnesses</u>: **"Agent Frameworks, Runtimes, and Harnesses"**. *LangChain.* LangChain Blog, 2025. [[博客](https://blog.langchain.com/agent-frameworks-runtimes-and-harnesses-oh-my/)]
547
+ - <u>We Removed 80% of Our Agent's Tools</u>: **"We Removed 80% of Our Agent's Tools"**. *Qu.* Vercel Engineering Blog, 2025. [[博客](https://vercel.com/blog/we-removed-80-percent-of-our-agents-tools)]
548
+ - <u>Harness Problem</u>: **"I Improved 15 LLMs at Coding in One Afternoon. Only the Harness Changed."**. *Can.* Personal blog (blog.can.ac), February 2026. [[博客](https://blog.can.ac/2026/02/12/the-harness-problem/)]
549
+ - <u>AI Adoption Journey</u>: **"My AI Adoption Journey"**. *Hashimoto.* Personal blog, February 2026. [[博客](https://mitchellh.com/writing/my-ai-adoption-journey)]
550
+ - <u>The Harness Gap</u>: **"The Harness Gap: AI Coding Output Rose 59% in 2025 While Teams Shipped 7% Less"**. *Zoom In AI.* Medium (Write A Catalyst), March 2026. [[博客](https://medium.com/write-a-catalyst/the-harness-gap-ai-coding-output-rose-59-in-2025-while-teams-shipped-7-less-082d3d07cff8)]
551
+ - <u>Stripe Minions</u>: **"Minions: Stripe's one-shot, end-to-end coding agents"**. *Gray.* Stripe Dev Blog, Feb 2026. [[博客](https://stripe.dev/blog/minions-stripes-one-shot-end-to-end-coding-agents)]
552
+ - <u>Harness Engineering (OpenAI)</u>: **"Harness engineering: leveraging Codex in an agent-first world"**. *Lopopolo.* OpenAI Blog, Feb 2026. [[博客](https://openai.com/index/harness-engineering/)]
553
+ - <u>Self-Driving Codebases</u>: **"Towards self-driving codebases"**. *Lin.* Cursor Blog, Feb 2026. [[博客](https://cursor.com/blog/self-driving-codebases)]
554
+ - <u>METR SWE-bench Analysis</u>: **"Many SWE-bench-Passing PRs Would Not Be Merged into Main"**. *Whitfill et al.* METR Notes, Mar 2026. [[报告](https://metr.org/notes/2026-03-10-many-swe-bench-passing-prs-would-not-be-merged-into-main/)]
555
 
556
  ---
557
 
 
583
  | v1 | 2026-04-03 | 首次预印本 |
584
  | v2 | 2026-04-07 | 仓库更新 |
585
  | v3 | 2026-04-09 | 预印本索引 |
586
+ | v4 | 2026-04-14 | 引用更新 |
587
 
588
  ---
589