---
library_name: transformers
tags:
- slm
- taiwan
license: llama3.2
language:
- zh
- en
base_model:
- meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B
---


# TaiPhone: A *Phone*-Scale LLM Rooted in *Tai*wanese Knowledge

![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/6419802fb4adb0e101afbbae/ey8GBcgYQZzIfVNQk_s79.png)

TaiPhone is a low-cost, lightweight language model built for Traditional Chinese, with a strong focus on Taiwanese language, culture, and context. Trained on just 0.7 billion carefully curated tokens and enhanced with chat vector techniques, TaiPhone delivers superior performance compared to similarly sized open-source LLaMA-tuned 1B or 3B-scale LLMs.
TaiPhone shows that with the right data, effective and culturally-aware models can be built at a fraction of the cost.

## Model Information

* Base model: https://huggingface.co/meta-llama/Llama-3.2-3B
* Context length: 16k
* Training detail:
  * Numbers of tokens: 0.7B tokens
  * Continual pretraining(CP) epochs: 2
  * Fine-tuning(FT) epochs: 3
  * CP learning rate: 5e-5 with cosine scheduler.
  * FT learning rate: 1e-5 with cosine scheduler.

## Benchmark

- Evalaution code can be found here: https://github.com/aqweteddy/TaiphoneEval

### MCQ Evaluation

1. The model is prompted to answer each multiple-choice question in free-form, without being constrained to a specific format.
2. A lightweight LLM (e.g., GPT-4.1-nano) is then used to extract the model’s final selected option from its response.
3. Accuracy is calculated by comparing the extracted answers against the correct choices.

#### Score Board

- 1B Scale

| Model                               | TW-MCQ | MMLU-Redux |
|------------------------------------|--------|------------|
| LLaMA3.2-1B-Instruct                | 0.305  | 0.403      |
| LLaMA3.2-1B-it-chinese-kyara       | 0.360  | 0.405      |
| LLaMA3.2-TaiPhone-1B-Instruct-v0.1 (Ours) | 0.375  | 0.421 |

- 3B Scale

| Model                               | TW-MCQ | MMLU-Redux |
|------------------------------------|--------|------------|
| LLaMA3.2-3B-Instruct                | 0.442  |  0.569    |
| LLaMA3.2-3B-it-chinese-kyara       | 0.462  | 0.405      |
| Llama-3.2-3B-F1-Instruct      |  0.458 | 0.548      |
| LLaMA3.2-TaiPhone-3B-Instruct-v0.1 (Ours) | 0.502  | 0.578 |

- TW-MCQ: aqweteddy/Taiwan-Curlture-MCQ
- MMLU-Redux: https://huggingface.co/datasets/edinburgh-dawg/mmlu-redux https://huggingface.co/datasets/aqweteddy/MMLU-Redux-MCQ

### MT-Bench-Zhtw

#### LLM as a Judge

- [Dataset source](https://huggingface.co/datasets/ZoneTwelve/mt-bench-tw)
- Evaluation focused on multiple aspects of conversational performance.
- While TaiPhone outperforms Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct, it lags behind other open-source LLMs in certain areas—likely due to our current focus on knowledge enhancement. We aim to improve its extraction and roleplay capabilities in the next release.

#### Score Board

- 3B Scale

| Model                                | writing | roleplay | reasoning | math | coding | extraction | stem | humanities |
|-------------------------------------|---------|----------|-----------|------|--------|------------|------|------------|
| Llama-3.2-3B-Instruct               | 4.2     | 3.9      | 4.1       | 4.3  | 4.9    | 3.8        | 4.0  | 4.3        |
| Llama-3.2-3B-F1-Instruct            | 5.5     | 6.9      | 4.2       | 3.9  | 3.8    | 4.7        | 5.2  | 7.6        |
| Llama-3.2-Kyara-3B-it               | 5.7     | 7.2      | 4.8       | 6.3  | 5.2    | 5.3        | 5.9  | 7.5        |
| Llama-3.2-TaiPhone-3B-Instruct-v0.1 (Ours) | 5.5     | 5.8      | 4.9       | 5.0  | 5.0    | 3.8        | 4.5  | 7.3        |