/* * UNARY TRANSFORMER ENGINE v2 - Configurable dimensions * * Full Qwen2/Qwen3 forward pass in C with AVX-512 + OpenMP. * Supports any model size via runtime config. * * (c) 2026 OpenTransformers Ltd / Scott Bisset */ #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #include #define MAX_SEQ 4096 #define RMS_EPS 1e-6f /* ============================================================ * Config - set at init time * ============================================================ */ typedef struct { int hidden; int inter; int n_heads; int n_kv_heads; int head_dim; int n_layers; int vocab; float rope_theta; int has_attn_bias; /* 1 for Qwen2 (1.5B), 0 for Qwen3 (4B) */ int tie_embeddings; /* 1 if lm_head shares embed weights */ } Config; /* ============================================================ * Unary linear layer * ============================================================ */ typedef struct { uint64_t *sign_bits; uint64_t *mag_planes; float *scales; float *bias; int out_dim; int in_dim; int n_planes; } UnaryLinear; /* FP16 linear (for lm_head when not tied) */ typedef struct { uint16_t *weight; int out_dim; int in_dim; } FP16Linear; /* ============================================================ * Transformer layer * ============================================================ */ typedef struct { UnaryLinear q_proj, k_proj, v_proj, o_proj; UnaryLinear gate_proj, up_proj, down_proj; float *input_norm; float *post_norm; float *q_bias, *k_bias, *v_bias; float *q_norm, *k_norm; /* QK-Norm (Qwen3) */ } Layer; /* ============================================================ * Full model * ============================================================ */ typedef struct { Config cfg; uint16_t *embed; /* FP16 embeddings */ Layer *layers; /* Dynamic array */ float *final_norm; FP16Linear lm_head; /* Only used if !tie_embeddings */ /* KV cache */ float *k_cache; float *v_cache; /* Scratch buffers */ float *hidden; float *hidden2; float *q; float *k; float *v; float *attn_out; float *gate; float *up; float *down_in; float *logits; float *attn_scores; int n_planes; } Model; /* ============================================================ * AVX-512 Unary matvec: y = W @ x * ============================================================ */ static void unary_matvec( const UnaryLinear *layer, const float *x, float *y ) { int out_dim = layer->out_dim; int in_dim = layer->in_dim; int n_planes = layer->n_planes; int chunks = (in_dim + 63) / 64; int in_padded = (in_dim + 15) & ~15; #pragma omp parallel for schedule(dynamic, 64) for (int i = 0; i < out_dim; i++) { const uint64_t *row_sign = layer->sign_bits + (size_t)i * chunks; float total = 0.0f; /* Aligned local copy of input for this thread */ float x_local[in_padded] __attribute__((aligned(64))); memcpy(x_local, x, in_dim * sizeof(float)); if (in_padded > in_dim) memset(x_local + in_dim, 0, (in_padded - in_dim) * sizeof(float)); for (int p = 0; p < n_planes; p++) { const uint64_t *plane_row = layer->mag_planes + ((size_t)p * out_dim + i) * chunks; __m512 acc = _mm512_setzero_ps(); for (int c = 0; c < chunks; c++) { uint64_t mbits = plane_row[c]; uint64_t sbits = row_sign[c]; uint64_t pos_bits = mbits & ~sbits; uint64_t neg_bits = mbits & sbits; for (int g = 0; g < 4 && (c * 64 + g * 16) < in_padded; g++) { int offset = c * 64 + g * 16; __m512 xv = _mm512_load_ps(x_local + offset); __mmask16 pmask = (__mmask16)((pos_bits >> (g * 16)) & 0xFFFF); __mmask16 nmask = (__mmask16)((neg_bits >> (g * 16)) & 0xFFFF); acc = _mm512_mask_add_ps(acc, pmask, acc, xv); acc = _mm512_mask_sub_ps(acc, nmask, acc, xv); } } total += _mm512_reduce_add_ps(acc); } y[i] = total * layer->scales[i]; if (layer->bias) y[i] += layer->bias[i]; } } /* FP16 matvec for lm_head */ static void fp16_matvec(const FP16Linear *layer, const float *x, float *y) { int out_dim = layer->out_dim; int in_dim = layer->in_dim; const uint16_t *w = layer->weight; #pragma omp parallel for schedule(dynamic, 256) for (int i = 0; i < out_dim; i++) { __m512 acc = _mm512_setzero_ps(); int j; for (j = 0; j + 16 <= in_dim; j += 16) { __m256i h = _mm256_loadu_si256((__m256i*)(w + (size_t)i * in_dim + j)); __m512 wv = _mm512_cvtph_ps(h); __m512 xv = _mm512_loadu_ps(x + j); acc = _mm512_fmadd_ps(wv, xv, acc); } float sum = _mm512_reduce_add_ps(acc); for (; j < in_dim; j++) { __m128i hv = _mm_set1_epi16(w[(size_t)i * in_dim + j]); __m128 fv = _mm_cvtph_ps(hv); float wf; _mm_store_ss(&wf, fv); sum += wf * x[j]; } y[i] = sum; } } /* ============================================================ * Basic ops - all AVX-512 vectorized * ============================================================ */ static void rmsnorm(const float *x, const float *weight, float *y, int dim) { __m512 sum_sq = _mm512_setzero_ps(); int i; for (i = 0; i + 16 <= dim; i += 16) { __m512 xv = _mm512_loadu_ps(x + i); sum_sq = _mm512_fmadd_ps(xv, xv, sum_sq); } float ss = _mm512_reduce_add_ps(sum_sq); for (; i < dim; i++) ss += x[i] * x[i]; float rms = 1.0f / sqrtf(ss / dim + RMS_EPS); for (i = 0; i + 16 <= dim; i += 16) { __m512 xv = _mm512_loadu_ps(x + i); __m512 wv = _mm512_loadu_ps(weight + i); __m512 rv = _mm512_set1_ps(rms); _mm512_storeu_ps(y + i, _mm512_mul_ps(_mm512_mul_ps(xv, rv), wv)); } for (; i < dim; i++) y[i] = x[i] * rms * weight[i]; } static void silu_inplace(float *x, int n) { int i; for (i = 0; i + 16 <= n; i += 16) { __m512 xv = _mm512_loadu_ps(x + i); __m512 neg = _mm512_sub_ps(_mm512_setzero_ps(), xv); /* exp(-x) approximation not great with AVX, use scalar */ float tmp[16]; _mm512_storeu_ps(tmp, xv); for (int j = 0; j < 16; j++) tmp[j] = tmp[j] / (1.0f + expf(-tmp[j])); _mm512_storeu_ps(x + i, _mm512_loadu_ps(tmp)); } for (; i < n; i++) x[i] = x[i] / (1.0f + expf(-x[i])); } static void elemwise_mul(const float *a, const float *b, float *c, int n) { int i; for (i = 0; i + 16 <= n; i += 16) { __m512 av = _mm512_loadu_ps(a + i); __m512 bv = _mm512_loadu_ps(b + i); _mm512_storeu_ps(c + i, _mm512_mul_ps(av, bv)); } for (; i < n; i++) c[i] = a[i] * b[i]; } static void vec_add(float *y, const float *x, int n) { int i; for (i = 0; i + 16 <= n; i += 16) { __m512 yv = _mm512_loadu_ps(y + i); __m512 xv = _mm512_loadu_ps(x + i); _mm512_storeu_ps(y + i, _mm512_add_ps(yv, xv)); } for (; i < n; i++) y[i] += x[i]; } static void apply_rope(float *vec, int pos, int dim, float theta) { for (int i = 0; i < dim; i += 2) { float freq = 1.0f / powf(theta, (float)i / dim); float angle = pos * freq; float cos_a = cosf(angle); float sin_a = sinf(angle); float v0 = vec[i]; float v1 = vec[i + 1]; vec[i] = v0 * cos_a - v1 * sin_a; vec[i + 1] = v0 * sin_a + v1 * cos_a; } } static void softmax(float *x, int n) { float max_val = x[0]; for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) if (x[i] > max_val) max_val = x[i]; float sum = 0.0f; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { x[i] = expf(x[i] - max_val); sum += x[i]; } float inv = 1.0f / sum; for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) x[i] *= inv; } /* ============================================================ * Embedding lookup (FP16 -> FP32) * ============================================================ */ static void embed_token(const Model *m, int token_id, float *out) { int hidden = m->cfg.hidden; const uint16_t *row = m->embed + (size_t)token_id * hidden; int i; for (i = 0; i + 16 <= hidden; i += 16) { __m256i h = _mm256_loadu_si256((__m256i*)(row + i)); __m512 fv = _mm512_cvtph_ps(h); _mm512_storeu_ps(out + i, fv); } for (; i < hidden; i++) { __m128i hv = _mm_set1_epi16(row[i]); __m128 fv = _mm_cvtph_ps(hv); _mm_store_ss(out + i, fv); } } /* KV cache helpers */ static float* kv_ptr(float *cache, const Config *c, int layer, int pos, int kv_head) { return cache + ((size_t)layer * MAX_SEQ * c->n_kv_heads + (size_t)pos * c->n_kv_heads + kv_head) * c->head_dim; } /* ============================================================ * ATTENTION * ============================================================ */ static void attention(Model *m, int layer_idx, int pos) { Config *c = &m->cfg; Layer *layer = &m->layers[layer_idx]; int heads_per_kv = c->n_heads / c->n_kv_heads; unary_matvec(&layer->q_proj, m->hidden2, m->q); unary_matvec(&layer->k_proj, m->hidden2, m->k); unary_matvec(&layer->v_proj, m->hidden2, m->v); if (c->has_attn_bias) { if (layer->q_bias) vec_add(m->q, layer->q_bias, c->n_heads * c->head_dim); if (layer->k_bias) vec_add(m->k, layer->k_bias, c->n_kv_heads * c->head_dim); if (layer->v_bias) vec_add(m->v, layer->v_bias, c->n_kv_heads * c->head_dim); } /* QK-Norm (Qwen3): RMSNorm each head's Q and K before RoPE */ if (layer->q_norm) { for (int h = 0; h < c->n_heads; h++) rmsnorm(m->q + h * c->head_dim, layer->q_norm, m->q + h * c->head_dim, c->head_dim); } if (layer->k_norm) { for (int h = 0; h < c->n_kv_heads; h++) rmsnorm(m->k + h * c->head_dim, layer->k_norm, m->k + h * c->head_dim, c->head_dim); } for (int h = 0; h < c->n_heads; h++) apply_rope(m->q + h * c->head_dim, pos, c->head_dim, c->rope_theta); for (int h = 0; h < c->n_kv_heads; h++) apply_rope(m->k + h * c->head_dim, pos, c->head_dim, c->rope_theta); for (int h = 0; h < c->n_kv_heads; h++) { memcpy(kv_ptr(m->k_cache, c, layer_idx, pos, h), m->k + h * c->head_dim, c->head_dim * sizeof(float)); memcpy(kv_ptr(m->v_cache, c, layer_idx, pos, h), m->v + h * c->head_dim, c->head_dim * sizeof(float)); } float scale = 1.0f / sqrtf((float)c->head_dim); memset(m->attn_out, 0, c->n_heads * c->head_dim * sizeof(float)); for (int h = 0; h < c->n_heads; h++) { int kv_h = h / heads_per_kv; float *q_head = m->q + h * c->head_dim; float *out_head = m->attn_out + h * c->head_dim; for (int t = 0; t <= pos; t++) { float *k_cached = kv_ptr(m->k_cache, c, layer_idx, t, kv_h); __m512 acc = _mm512_setzero_ps(); int d; for (d = 0; d + 16 <= c->head_dim; d += 16) { __m512 qv = _mm512_loadu_ps(q_head + d); __m512 kv = _mm512_loadu_ps(k_cached + d); acc = _mm512_fmadd_ps(qv, kv, acc); } float dot = _mm512_reduce_add_ps(acc); for (; d < c->head_dim; d++) dot += q_head[d] * k_cached[d]; m->attn_scores[t] = dot * scale; } softmax(m->attn_scores, pos + 1); for (int t = 0; t <= pos; t++) { float w = m->attn_scores[t]; if (w < 1e-8f) continue; float *v_cached = kv_ptr(m->v_cache, c, layer_idx, t, kv_h); __m512 wv = _mm512_set1_ps(w); int d; for (d = 0; d + 16 <= c->head_dim; d += 16) { __m512 ov = _mm512_loadu_ps(out_head + d); __m512 vv = _mm512_loadu_ps(v_cached + d); _mm512_storeu_ps(out_head + d, _mm512_fmadd_ps(wv, vv, ov)); } for (; d < c->head_dim; d++) out_head[d] += w * v_cached[d]; } } unary_matvec(&layer->o_proj, m->attn_out, m->hidden2); } /* ============================================================ * MLP - SwiGLU * ============================================================ */ static void mlp(Model *m, int layer_idx) { Layer *layer = &m->layers[layer_idx]; int inter = m->cfg.inter; unary_matvec(&layer->gate_proj, m->hidden2, m->gate); unary_matvec(&layer->up_proj, m->hidden2, m->up); silu_inplace(m->gate, inter); elemwise_mul(m->gate, m->up, m->down_in, inter); unary_matvec(&layer->down_proj, m->down_in, m->hidden2); } /* ============================================================ * FORWARD ONE TOKEN * ============================================================ */ float* forward_token(Model *m, int token_id, int pos) { Config *c = &m->cfg; embed_token(m, token_id, m->hidden); for (int l = 0; l < c->n_layers; l++) { rmsnorm(m->hidden, m->layers[l].input_norm, m->hidden2, c->hidden); attention(m, l, pos); vec_add(m->hidden, m->hidden2, c->hidden); rmsnorm(m->hidden, m->layers[l].post_norm, m->hidden2, c->hidden); mlp(m, l); vec_add(m->hidden, m->hidden2, c->hidden); } rmsnorm(m->hidden, m->final_norm, m->hidden2, c->hidden); /* LM head - either tied embeddings or separate FP16 */ if (c->tie_embeddings) { /* Use embed weights as lm_head (FP16 matvec) */ FP16Linear tied; tied.weight = m->embed; tied.out_dim = c->vocab; tied.in_dim = c->hidden; fp16_matvec(&tied, m->hidden2, m->logits); } else { fp16_matvec(&m->lm_head, m->hidden2, m->logits); } return m->logits; } /* ============================================================ * TOP-P SAMPLING * ============================================================ */ static int sample_top_p(float *logits, int vocab, float temperature, float top_p) { if (temperature > 0) { float inv_t = 1.0f / temperature; for (int i = 0; i < vocab; i++) logits[i] *= inv_t; } softmax(logits, vocab); float *probs = (float *)malloc(vocab * sizeof(float)); int *indices = (int *)malloc(vocab * sizeof(int)); memcpy(probs, logits, vocab * sizeof(float)); for (int i = 0; i < vocab; i++) indices[i] = i; int n_keep = 0; float cum = 0.0f; while (cum < top_p && n_keep < vocab) { int best = n_keep; for (int i = n_keep + 1; i < vocab; i++) if (probs[i] > probs[best]) best = i; float tmp_p = probs[n_keep]; probs[n_keep] = probs[best]; probs[best] = tmp_p; int tmp_i = indices[n_keep]; indices[n_keep] = indices[best]; indices[best] = tmp_i; cum += probs[n_keep]; n_keep++; if (n_keep >= 40) break; } float sum = 0.0f; for (int i = 0; i < n_keep; i++) sum += probs[i]; float r = (float)rand() / RAND_MAX * sum; float acc = 0.0f; int chosen = indices[0]; for (int i = 0; i < n_keep; i++) { acc += probs[i]; if (acc >= r) { chosen = indices[i]; break; } } free(probs); free(indices); return chosen; } /* ============================================================ * GENERATE * ============================================================ */ int generate( Model *m, const int *prompt_ids, int prompt_len, int *out_tokens, int max_new_tokens, float temperature, float top_p, int eos_token ) { srand(time(NULL)); for (int i = 0; i < prompt_len; i++) { forward_token(m, prompt_ids[i], i); } int pos = prompt_len; int generated = 0; for (int t = 0; t < max_new_tokens; t++) { float *logits = m->logits; int next_token; if (temperature <= 0) { next_token = 0; for (int i = 1; i < m->cfg.vocab; i++) if (logits[i] > logits[next_token]) next_token = i; } else { next_token = sample_top_p(logits, m->cfg.vocab, temperature, top_p); } out_tokens[t] = next_token; generated++; if (next_token == eos_token) break; forward_token(m, next_token, pos); pos++; } return generated; } /* ============================================================ * MODEL ALLOCATION with config * ============================================================ */ Model* model_alloc( int n_planes, int hidden, int inter, int n_heads, int n_kv_heads, int head_dim, int n_layers, int vocab, float rope_theta, int has_attn_bias, int tie_embeddings ) { Model *m = (Model *)calloc(1, sizeof(Model)); m->n_planes = n_planes; Config *c = &m->cfg; c->hidden = hidden; c->inter = inter; c->n_heads = n_heads; c->n_kv_heads = n_kv_heads; c->head_dim = head_dim; c->n_layers = n_layers; c->vocab = vocab; c->rope_theta = rope_theta; c->has_attn_bias = has_attn_bias; c->tie_embeddings = tie_embeddings; m->layers = (Layer *)calloc(n_layers, sizeof(Layer)); size_t kv_size = (size_t)n_layers * MAX_SEQ * n_kv_heads * head_dim; m->k_cache = (float *)calloc(kv_size, sizeof(float)); m->v_cache = (float *)calloc(kv_size, sizeof(float)); m->hidden = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, hidden * sizeof(float)); m->hidden2 = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, hidden * sizeof(float)); m->q = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, n_heads * head_dim * sizeof(float)); m->k = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, n_kv_heads * head_dim * sizeof(float)); m->v = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, n_kv_heads * head_dim * sizeof(float)); m->attn_out = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, n_heads * head_dim * sizeof(float)); m->gate = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, inter * sizeof(float)); m->up = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, inter * sizeof(float)); m->down_in = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, inter * sizeof(float)); m->logits = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, vocab * sizeof(float)); m->attn_scores = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, MAX_SEQ * sizeof(float)); m->final_norm = (float *)aligned_alloc(64, hidden * sizeof(float)); size_t kv_mb = kv_size * 2 * sizeof(float) / (1024*1024); printf("Model config: hidden=%d inter=%d heads=%d kv_heads=%d layers=%d vocab=%d\n", hidden, inter, n_heads, n_kv_heads, n_layers, vocab); printf("KV cache: %zu MB, tied_embed=%d, attn_bias=%d\n", kv_mb, tie_embeddings, has_attn_bias); return m; } /* Weight setters */ void model_set_embed(Model *m, uint16_t *data) { m->embed = data; } void model_set_final_norm(Model *m, float *data) { memcpy(m->final_norm, data, m->cfg.hidden * sizeof(float)); } void model_set_lm_head(Model *m, uint16_t *data, int out_dim, int in_dim) { m->lm_head.weight = data; m->lm_head.out_dim = out_dim; m->lm_head.in_dim = in_dim; } void layer_set_norms(Model *m, int l, float *input_norm, float *post_norm) { m->layers[l].input_norm = input_norm; m->layers[l].post_norm = post_norm; } void layer_set_bias(Model *m, int l, float *q_bias, float *k_bias, float *v_bias) { m->layers[l].q_bias = q_bias; m->layers[l].k_bias = k_bias; m->layers[l].v_bias = v_bias; } void layer_set_qk_norm(Model *m, int l, float *q_norm, float *k_norm) { m->layers[l].q_norm = q_norm; m->layers[l].k_norm = k_norm; } void layer_set_unary( UnaryLinear *ul, uint64_t *sign, uint64_t *planes, float *scales, int out_dim, int in_dim, int n_planes ) { ul->sign_bits = sign; ul->mag_planes = planes; ul->scales = scales; ul->out_dim = out_dim; ul->in_dim = in_dim; ul->n_planes = n_planes; ul->bias = NULL; } void layer_set_linears( Model *m, int l, uint64_t *q_sign, uint64_t *q_planes, float *q_scales, int q_out, int q_in, uint64_t *k_sign, uint64_t *k_planes, float *k_scales, int k_out, int k_in, uint64_t *v_sign, uint64_t *v_planes, float *v_scales, int v_out, int v_in, uint64_t *o_sign, uint64_t *o_planes, float *o_scales, int o_out, int o_in, uint64_t *g_sign, uint64_t *g_planes, float *g_scales, int g_out, int g_in, uint64_t *u_sign, uint64_t *u_planes, float *u_scales, int u_out, int u_in, uint64_t *d_sign, uint64_t *d_planes, float *d_scales, int d_out, int d_in, int n_planes ) { layer_set_unary(&m->layers[l].q_proj, q_sign, q_planes, q_scales, q_out, q_in, n_planes); layer_set_unary(&m->layers[l].k_proj, k_sign, k_planes, k_scales, k_out, k_in, n_planes); layer_set_unary(&m->layers[l].v_proj, v_sign, v_planes, v_scales, v_out, v_in, n_planes); layer_set_unary(&m->layers[l].o_proj, o_sign, o_planes, o_scales, o_out, o_in, n_planes); layer_set_unary(&m->layers[l].gate_proj, g_sign, g_planes, g_scales, g_out, g_in, n_planes); layer_set_unary(&m->layers[l].up_proj, u_sign, u_planes, u_scales, u_out, u_in, n_planes); layer_set_unary(&m->layers[l].down_proj, d_sign, d_planes, d_scales, d_out, d_in, n_planes); } void model_reset_cache(Model *m) { size_t kv_size = (size_t)m->cfg.n_layers * MAX_SEQ * m->cfg.n_kv_heads * m->cfg.head_dim; memset(m->k_cache, 0, kv_size * sizeof(float)); memset(m->v_cache, 0, kv_size * sizeof(float)); } void model_free(Model *m) { free(m->k_cache); free(m->v_cache); free(m->hidden); free(m->hidden2); free(m->q); free(m->k); free(m->v); free(m->attn_out); free(m->gate); free(m->up); free(m->down_in); free(m->logits); free(m->attn_scores); free(m->final_norm); free(m->layers); free(m); }