---
license: apache-2.0

language:
- en

tags:
- remote-sensing
- semantic-segmentation
- agriculture
- crop-mapping
- sentinel-2
- swin-transformer
- stcln
- pastis
- pytorch
- amd-rocm

datasets:
- pastis

metrics:
- mean_iou
- f1
- accuracy

model-index:
- name: Swin-STCLN-PASTIS
  results:
  - task:
      type: image-segmentation
      name: Semantic Segmentation
    dataset:
      name: PASTIS
      type: pastis
    metrics:
    - type: mean_iou
      value: 44.43
      name: Mean IoU (5-fold CV)
    - type: f1
      value: 58.35
      name: F1 Score (5-fold CV)
    - type: accuracy
      value: 68.36
      name: Overall Accuracy (5-fold CV)
---

# Swin-STCLN × PASTIS

> **Swin-STCLN: Hierarchical Swin Transformer Enhanced Spatio-Temporal Contrastive Learning Network for Crop Mapping**

This repository implements an improved STCLN architecture for Sentinel-2 satellite image time-series semantic segmentation on the PASTIS benchmark.

The original STCLN pretrain → finetune workflow is preserved while replacing the flat CNN spatial encoder with a hierarchical Swin Transformer encoder and introducing cross-scale spatiotemporal fusion with boundary-aware refinement.

---

# 🏆 Results — 5-Fold Cross Validation

## Summary

| Metric | Fold 1 | Fold 2 | Fold 3 | Fold 4 | Fold 5 | **Mean ± Std** |
|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|--------|----------------|
| **mFscore** | 58.37% | 56.69% | 59.18% | 61.00% | 56.49% | **58.35% ± 1.70%** |
| **mIoU** | 44.35% | 42.90% | 45.54% | 46.80% | 42.58% | **44.43% ± 1.62%** |
| **OA** | 67.10% | 66.85% | 69.96% | 71.48% | 66.41% | **68.36% ± 2.13%** |
| **Kappa** | 60.02% | 59.71% | 62.79% | 64.33% | 58.99% | **61.17% ± 2.19%** |
| **mPrecision** | 52.78% | 51.33% | 54.51% | 57.40% | 51.24% | **53.45% ± 2.47%** |
| **mRecall** | 70.72% | 69.00% | 68.69% | 68.93% | 68.72% | **69.21% ± 0.82%** |


> Official benchmark result:
>
> **mFscore = 58.35% ± 1.70%**

Trained from scratch on AMD MI300X GPU.

---

# 📊 Per-Class IoU — All Folds


| Class | Mean IoU |
|---|---|
| 🌽 Corn | **75.90%** |
| 🌿 Winter rapeseed | **75.55%** |
| 🌾 Beet | **73.90%** |
| 🌾 Soft winter wheat | **71.47%** |
| 🌿 Soybeans | **61.48%** |
| 🌾 Winter barley | **58.64%** |
| 🌱 Meadow | **56.69%** |
| 🌻 Sunflower | **54.87%** |
| 🟫 Background | **50.98%** |
| 🌾 Winter durum wheat | **44.56%** |
| 🌿 Grapevine | **36.70%** |
| 🥔 Potatoes | **36.34%** |
| 🌾 Spring barley | **35.08%** |
| 🌿 Leguminous fodder | **22.41%** |
| 🌾 Winter triticale | **22.34%** |
| 🍎 Fruits/veg/flowers | **21.53%** |
| 🍑 Orchard | **17.27%** |
| 🌾 Mixed cereal | **14.66%** |
| 🌿 Sorghum | **13.91%** |


---

# 🏗️ Model Architecture — Swin-STCLN


## 1. Swin Spatial Encoder (SEncoder Replacement)

Original STCLN:

```
DoubleConv
+
DoubleConv

filters:
32 → 256

kernel:
3×3

Output:
(B×T,256,32,32)
```

Problem:

- flat representation
- single scale
- limited long range spatial modeling


Swin-STCLN replaces it:


Input:

(B,T,10,32,32)


### Patch Embedding


Conv2D:

10 → 96 channels

kernel = 2

stride = 2


Spatial:

32×32 → 16×16


Output:

(B×T,96,16,16)


### Swin Stage 1


2 Swin Transformer Blocks

- Window attention
- Shifted window attention


Configuration:

dim = 96

window = 4


Output:

f_fine:

(B×T,96,16,16)



### Patch Merging


16×16 → 8×8


Channel:

96 → 192


### Swin Stage 2


2 Swin Transformer Blocks

dim = 192

window = 4


Output:

f_coarse:

(B×T,192,8,8)


---

# 2. Temporal Encoder

The original STCLN Transformer Temporal Encoder is kept unchanged.


Configuration:

- Transformer layers: 3
- Attention heads: 8
- Sinusoidal positional encoding
- GroupNorm


Only input representation changes.


Original STCLN:

(B×32×32) × T × 256


Swin-STCLN:

(B×8×8) × T × 192


Benefits:

- reduces temporal tokens from 1024 → 64 locations
- temporal reasoning happens on semantic regions
- lower memory usage


---

# 3. STFusion — Cross Scale Fusion

Replacement for STCLN STA module.


Inputs:


Temporal branch:

coarse_agg

(B,192,8,8)


Spatial branch:

fine_agg

(B,96,16,16)


Process:


1. Upsample

8×8 →16×16


2. Projection

192 →96


3. Cross Attention


Query:

coarse semantic features


Key / Value:

fine spatial features


4. Residual fusion


5. Upsample

16×16 →32×32


Output:

(B,128,32,32)

---

# 4. Pretraining Reconstruction Decoder


The original STCLN self-supervised learning objective is preserved.

Unchanged:

- Spatiotemporal masking
- Mask ratio = 0.4
- MSE reconstruction loss
- Unlabeled pretraining patches = 7936


Difference:

Base STCLN reconstructs directly using a Linear layer because temporal features remain at 32×32.


Swin-STCLN reconstructs from hierarchical features.


TEncoder output:

```
(B,T,192,8,8)
```


Reconstruction Head:

```
ConvTranspose2D

8×8
 ↓
16×16


ConvTranspose2D

16×16
 ↓
32×32


Conv2D

192 → 10 Sentinel-2 bands
```


Final reconstruction:

```
(B,T,10,32,32)
```


The same masked pixel MSE objective is applied.


---

# 5. Finetuning Decoder


The original STCLN linear decoder is replaced with a boundary-aware segmentation decoder.


Input:

```
STFusion output

(B,128,32,32)
```


## Semantic Decoder


Architecture:


Conv-BN-ReLU

```
128 → 64
```


Conv-BN-ReLU

```
64 →64
```


1×1 Conv classifier


Output:


```
(B,18,32,32)
```


---

## Boundary Decoder


Parallel boundary prediction branch:


Conv-BN-ReLU

```
128 →64
```


Conv-BN-ReLU

```
64 →64
```


1×1 Conv


Output:


```
(B,1,32,32)
```


Boundary supervision is generated automatically using morphological gradient from semantic masks.

No additional annotation required.


---

## Gated Refinement


Semantic feature

+

Boundary feature


↓

Concatenation


↓

Convolution refinement


↓

Final refined prediction:


```
(B,18,32,32)
```


---

# 6. Finetuning Loss


Original STCLN:

```
Cross Entropy
```


Swin-STCLN:


```
Total Loss =

CE(semantic output)

+

CE(refined output)

+

0.5 × BCE(boundary output)
```


The boundary loss improves separation between neighbouring crop parcels.

Boundary weight = 0.5


---

# ⚡ Inference Speed


Measured on AMD MI300X GPU.


| Batch Size | Time (ms) | Throughput | VRAM Used |
|-----------|-----------|------------|-----------|
| 1 | 7.8 ms | 128.9 patches/sec | 1.12 GB |
| 4 | 19.6 ms | 203.8 patches/sec | 2.08 GB |
| 8 | 37.1 ms | 215.4 patches/sec | 3.40 GB |
| 16 | 73.4 ms | 218.0 patches/sec | 6.03 GB |
| 32 | 143.0 ms | 223.8 patches/sec | 11.31 GB |
| 64 | 281.0 ms | 227.8 patches/sec | 21.85 GB |


---

# 📁 Repository Structure


```
Swin-STCLN-PASTIS/

├── models/

│   ├── swin_encoder.py
│       # PatchEmbed + Swin Blocks + PatchMerging

│   ├── temporal_encoder.py
│       # STCLN Transformer Encoder

│   ├── stfusion.py
│       # Cross-scale attention fusion

│   ├── decoder.py
│       # Semantic decoder
│       # Boundary decoder
│       # Gated refinement

│   ├── reconstruction.py
│       # ConvTranspose reconstruction head

│   └── swin_stcln.py
│       # Complete architecture


├── datasets/

│   └── pastis_dataset.py


├── losses/

│   ├── segmentation_loss.py
│   └── boundary_loss.py


├── evaluation/

│   └── metrics.py


├── train.py

├── pretrain.py

├── finetune.py

├── visualize_results.py

├── checkpoints/

└── results/
```


---

# 🚀 Quick Start


## Installation


```bash
git clone https://huggingface.co/Dhruv1000/Swin-STCLN-PASTIS

cd Swin-STCLN-PASTIS


pip install torch torchvision timm einops geopandas matplotlib scikit-learn
```


---

# Training


Single fold:


```bash
python train.py \
    --data_root /path/to/PASTIS \
    --fold 1 \
    --epochs 100 \
    --batch_size 16 \
    --lr 5e-5 \
    --weight_decay 0.05 \
    --warmup_iters 500 \
    --num_workers 4 \
    --amp \
    --work_dir ./work_dirs/fold1
```


---

# 5-Fold Cross Validation


```bash
for fold in 1 2 3 4 5
do

python train.py \
    --data_root /path/to/PASTIS \
    --fold $fold \
    --epochs 100 \
    --batch_size 16 \
    --lr 5e-5 \
    --work_dir ./work_dirs/fold${fold}

done
```


---

# Inference


```python
import torch

from models.swin_stcln import build_swin_stcln


model = build_swin_stcln(
    num_classes=18
)


checkpoint = torch.load(
    "checkpoints/best_model.pth",
    weights_only=False
)


model.load_state_dict(
    checkpoint["model"]
)


model.eval()



# Input:
# Batch
# Time
# Sentinel-2 Bands
# Height
# Width


x = torch.randn(
    1,
    32,
    10,
    32,
    32
)


logits = model(x)


# Output:

# (1,18,32,32)


prediction = logits.argmax(dim=1)
```


---

# 📋 Training Configuration


| Parameter | Value |
|-|-|
| Model | Swin-STCLN |
| Spatial Encoder | Swin Transformer |
| Temporal Encoder | STCLN Transformer Encoder |
| Fusion | Cross-scale STFusion |
| Optimizer | AdamW β=(0.9,0.999) |
| Learning rate | 5e-5 |
| Weight decay | 0.05 |
| Schedule | Warmup 500 iters + cosine decay |
| Batch size | 16 |
| Epochs | 100 |
| AMP | Enabled |
| Gradient clipping | max_norm=5.0 |
| Loss | CE + CE + 0.5 BCE |
| Input bands | Sentinel-2 10 bands |
| Input size | 32×32 |
| Classes | 18 |
---

# 📦 Dataset — PASTIS


The model is evaluated on the PASTIS (Panoptic Agricultural Satellite Time Series) benchmark.


| Property | Details |
|-|-|
| Total patches | 2,433 geo-referenced tiles |
| Satellite | Sentinel-2 |
| Spectral bands | 10 |
| Temporal observations | 61 |
| Input crop | 32×32 pixels |
| Classes | 18 crop classes |
| Splits | Official 5-fold geographic split |
| Pretraining data | 7936 unlabeled patches |
| Label fraction | 2% labelled setting |


The official train / validation / test split is preserved.


---

# 🌾 PASTIS Classes


| ID | Class | Avg IoU |
|-|-|-|
| 0 | Background | 50.98% |
| 1 | Meadow | 56.69% |
| 2 | Soft winter wheat | 71.47% |
| 3 | Corn | 75.90% |
| 4 | Winter barley | 58.64% |
| 5 | Winter rapeseed | 75.55% |
| 6 | Spring barley | 35.08% |
| 7 | Sunflower | 54.87% |
| 8 | Grapevine | 36.70% |
| 9 | Beet | 73.90% |
| 10 | Winter triticale | 22.34% |
| 11 | Winter durum wheat | 44.56% |
| 12 | Fruits/veg/flowers | 21.53% |
| 13 | Potatoes | 36.34% |
| 14 | Leguminous fodder | 22.41% |
| 15 | Soybeans | 61.48% |
| 16 | Orchard | 17.27% |
| 17 | Mixed cereal | 14.66% |
| 18 | Sorghum | 13.91% |


---

# 🔥 What Remains Identical To Original STCLN


The following components are unchanged:


✅ Pretrain → finetune workflow


✅ Spatiotemporal masked reconstruction


✅ Mask ratio:

```
0.4
```


✅ Reconstruction objective:

```
Mean Squared Error
```


✅ Temporal Encoder design:

- 3 Transformer layers
- 8 attention heads
- sinusoidal positional encoding
- GroupNorm


✅ Dataset protocol:

- PASTIS32
- Sentinel-2
- 10 spectral channels
- Official folds


✅ Weight transfer:

```
Pretrained:

SEncoder
+
TEncoder


        ↓


Finetuning initialization
```


---

# 🆚 STCLN vs Swin-STCLN


| Component | STCLN | Swin-STCLN |
|-|-|-|
| Spatial Encoder | DoubleConv CNN | Swin Transformer |
| Spatial hierarchy | Single scale | Multi scale |
| Feature output | 256 @32×32 | 96@16×16 + 192@8×8 |
| Spatial attention | Local CNN | Window self-attention |
| Temporal input | 1024 spatial tokens | 64 semantic tokens |
| TEncoder | Transformer | Same Transformer |
| Fusion | STA | Cross-scale STFusion |
| Reconstruction | Linear | ConvTranspose decoder |
| Decoder | Linear classifier | Semantic + Boundary Decoder |
| Boundary learning | No | Yes |
| Final refinement | No | Gated refinement |
| Loss | CE | CE + CE + Boundary BCE |


---

# 📈 Training Dynamics (Fold 1)


| Epoch | Train Loss | Val Loss | mFscore | mIoU | Kappa |
|-|-|-|-|-|-|
| 1 | 0.878 | 0.671 | 2.79% | 1.47% | 2.39% |
| 4 | 0.431 | 0.472 | 20.08% | 12.34% | 10.76% |
| 10 | 0.320 | 0.380 | ~33% | ~22% | ~24% |
| 18 | 0.222 | 0.323 | 35.55% | 24.17% | 24.93% |
| 55 | 0.083 | 0.363 | 53.37% | 39.92% | 53.16% |
| 92 | 0.050 | 0.350 | 58.20% | 44.20% | 60.0% |
| 100 | 0.048 | 0.360 | 57.90% | 44.10% | 59.8% |


Best checkpoint:

```
Epoch 92
```


Total training time per fold:

```
~32 minutes on AMD MI300X
```


---

# 🖼️ Visualizations


Generated evaluation plots:


## Per Fold


```
results/fold{N}/plots/
```


Includes:


- Training curves
- Per-class IoU plots
- Metrics radar chart
- Confusion matrix
- Prediction maps
- Error maps
- IoU scatter analysis
- Overfitting analysis


---

# 🔧 Implementation Details


## Pure PyTorch Implementation


No dependency on:

- MMSegmentation
- MMEngine
- external training framework


Implemented with:

- PyTorch
- timm
- einops


---

# Major Architectural Changes


## 1. Hierarchical Spatial Learning


CNN encoder replaced by Swin Transformer blocks.


Benefits:

- larger receptive field
- window attention
- shifted window information exchange


---


## 2. Efficient Temporal Modelling


Instead of:


```
1024 temporal sequences/image
```


Swin-STCLN uses:


```
64 temporal sequences/image
```


This reduces memory while keeping semantic information.


---


## 3. Cross Scale Feature Recovery


The coarse temporal representation loses boundaries.


STFusion restores:


- high level semantics
- fine spatial details


using cross attention fusion.


---


## 4. Boundary Aware Learning


Boundary decoder learns crop separation using automatically generated masks.


No manual boundary annotation needed.


---

# 📚 Citation


If this implementation is useful, cite the original STCLN work and PASTIS benchmark.


```bibtex
@inproceedings{garnot2021pastis,

title={Panoptic Segmentation of Satellite Image Time Series with Convolutional Temporal Attention Networks},

author={Garnot, Vivien Sainte Fare and Landrieu, Loic},

booktitle={ICCV},

year={2021}

}
```


For Swin Transformer:


```bibtex
@inproceedings{liu2021swin,

title={Swin Transformer: Hierarchical Vision Transformer using Shifted Windows},

author={Liu, Ze and Lin, Yutong and Cao, Yue and others},

booktitle={ICCV},

year={2021}

}
```


---

# 📄 License


Apache-2.0


---

Trained on AMD MI300X  
ROCm 7.0  
PyTorch 2.x  


**Swin-STCLN × PASTIS**

Hierarchical Swin Spatial Encoder  
+
STCLN Temporal Encoder  
+
Cross Scale Boundary-Aware Fusion